History of myringotomy and grommets

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 911-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rimmer ◽  
C E B Giddings ◽  
N Weir
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Gold Foil ◽  
Ventilation Tube ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
The Third ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
Vinyl Tube ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
History Of

The first recorded myringotomy was in 1649. Astley Cooper presented two papers to the Royal Society in 1801, based on his observation that myringotomy could improve hearing. Widespread inappropriate use of the procedure followed, with no benefit to patients; this led to it falling from favour for many decades. Hermann Schwartze reintroduced myringotomy later in the nineteenth century. It had been realised earlier that the tympanic membrane heals spontaneously, and much experimentation took place in attempting to keep the perforation open. The first described grommet was made of gold foil. Other materials were tried, including Politzer's attempts with rubber. Armstrong's vinyl tube effectively reintroduced grommets into current practice last century. There have been many eponymous variants, but the underlying principle of creating a perforation and maintaining it with a ventilation tube has remained unchanged. Recent studies have cast doubt over the long-term benefits of grommet insertion; is this the end of the third era?

scholarly journals The History of Myringotomy and Grommets

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2S-7S ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Rimmer ◽  
Charles E. Giddings ◽  
Neil Weir
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Gold Foil ◽  
Ventilation Tube ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
Vinyl Tube ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first recorded myringotomy was in 1649. Astley Cooper presented 2 papers to the Royal Society in 1801, based on his observations that myringotomy could improve hearing. Widespread inappropriate use of the procedure followed, with no benefit to patients; this led to it falling from favor for many decades. Hermann Schwartze reintroduced myringotomy later in the 19th century. It had been realized earlier that the tympanic membrane heals spontaneously, and much experimentation took place in attempting to keep the perforation open. The first described grommet was made of gold foil. Other materials were tried, including Politzer’s attempts with rubber. Armstrong’s vinyl tube effectively reintroduced grommets into current practice last century. There have been many eponymous variants, but the underlying principle of creating a perforation and maintaining it with a ventilation tube has remained unchanged. Recent studies have cast doubt over the long-term benefits of grommet insertion; is this the end of the third era?

The Exponential Nature of Technology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlindo Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Nature Of Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

This chapter provides a brief review of the history of technology, covering pre-historical technologies, the agricultural revolution, the first two industrial revolutions, and the third industrial revolution, based on information technology. Evidence is provided that technological development tends to follow an exponential curve, leading to technologies that typically were unpredictable just a few years before. An analysis of a number of exponential trends and behaviors is provided, in order to acquaint the reader with the sometimes surprising properties of exponential growth. In general, exponential functions tend to grow slower than expected in the short term, and faster than expected in the long term. It is this property that make technology evolution very hard to predict.

Wanted: A Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Edmund Burke
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Third World ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Third World

There is something seriously flawed about models of social change that posit the dominant role of in-built civilizational motors. While “the rise of the West” makes great ideology, it is poor history. Like Jared Diamond, I believe that we need to situate the fate of nations in a long-term ecohistorical context. Unlike Diamond, I believe that the ways (and the sequences) in which things happened mattered deeply to what came next. The Mediterranean is a particularly useful case in this light. No longer a center of progress after the sixteenth century, the decline of the Mediterranean is usually ascribed to its inherent cultural deficiencies. While the specific cultural infirmity varies with the historian (amoral familism, patron/clientalism, and religion are some of the favorites) its civilizationalist presuppositions are clear. In this respect the search for “what went wrong” typifies national histories across the region and prefigures the fate of the Third World.

scholarly journals KILKA UWAG NA TEMAT ROLI III STATUTU LITEWSKIEGO W WYKŁADZIE PRAWA KRAJOWEGO NA PRZEŁOMIE XVIII I XIX WIEKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Sławomir Godek
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lecture Courses ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University

Some Remarks on the Role of the Third Statute of Lithuania in Courses on National Law at the Turn of the Nineteenth CenturySummary The long-term validity of the Third Lithuanian Statute of 1588 is a factor often highlighted in the scientific literature devoted to the history of the Lithuanian-Russian lands. The two and a half centuries that the codex operated have left a lasting imprint on the legal relations of these vast territories. In Belarusian lands once belonging the Republic and separated from it by the First Partition, the Statute was abolished as a consequence of the repression after the November Uprising in 1831. In the western and south-western guberniyas, the Statute survived somewhat longer; it was repealed in 1840. In academic circles, both Polish and international, the post-Partition fate of the Lithuanian codex has not yet been clarified. It seems that one aspect which is worth paying attention to in studies on the condition of the Statute after the Partitions is its role in the teaching of law in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Surviving sources, in form of the lecture courses, students’ notes, reports intended for educational authorities and examination tables leave no doubt that the Statute of Lithuania was the very basis of national law lecture courses, both at the University of Vilnius, as well as at the High School and then Lyceum in Kremenets and the Academy of Polotsk. In the lectures of Adam Powstański, Ignacy Danilowicz, Aleksander Korowicki, Józef Jaroszewicz, Ignacy Ołdakowski, and Aleksander Mickiewicz, the Statute was always depicted as one of the most important sources of national law, which maintained its currency, and whose provisions were cited most frequently to illustrate the legal institutions under discussion.

scholarly journals Deep time diversity and the early radiations of birds

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. e2019865118
Author(s):  
Yilun Yu ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Xing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Diversity ◽  
History Of

Reconstructing the history of biodiversity has been hindered by often-separate analyses of stem and crown groups of the clades in question that are not easily understood within the same unified evolutionary framework. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of birds by analyzing three supertrees that combine published phylogenies of both stem and crown birds. Our analyses reveal three distinct large-scale increases in the diversification rate across bird evolutionary history. The first increase, which began between 160 and 170 Ma and reached its peak between 130 and 135 Ma, corresponds to an accelerated morphological evolutionary rate associated with the locomotory systems among early stem birds. This radiation resulted in morphospace occupation that is larger and different from their close dinosaurian relatives, demonstrating the occurrence of a radiation among early stem birds. The second increase, which started ∼90 Ma and reached its peak between 65 and 55 Ma, is associated with rapid evolution of the cranial skeleton among early crown birds, driven differently from the first radiation. The third increase, which occurred after ∼40 to 45 Ma, has yet to be supported by quantitative morphological data but gains some support from the fossil record. Our analyses indicate that the bird biodiversity evolution was influenced mainly by long-term climatic changes and also by major paleobiological events such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction.

Nascent Judaism

2018 ◽  
pp. 341-356
Author(s):  
Jon L. Berquist
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
The Third ◽  
Israelite Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Pluralistic World

The third and final section of the Hebrew Bible, known as the Writings, is a crucial part of the biblical canon and a key turning point in the history of Israelite religion. The Writings were written and shaped during the time of Persian imperial rule as well as Hellenistic influence, perhaps 450–300 bce. The city of Jerusalem and the province of Yehud existed as a part of the continent-spanning Persian Empire, in which increased scribalism and communications supported the long-term purposes of imperial order, but which also accepted a higher level of pluralism than earlier empires and monarchies. The Writings of this time, expressed in diverse genres and with great variations of affect and theology, formed nascent Judaism in ways that would maximize its relevance to a new imperial, multicultural, and pluralistic world situation as well as enhance the opportunities for Judaism to survive and thrive in future centuries.

Ephesus in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period: Changes in its Urban Character from the Third to the Seventh Century ad

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. LADSTÄTTER ◽  
A. PÜLZ
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Urban Character ◽  
The City

The third century marked a profound change in the urban landscape of Ephesus and proved to exert a profound influence on the city's later development. There is conclusive evidence for catastrophic disasters when the city was afflicted by a series of earthquakes which led to a temporary downturn in its economic circumstances. These destructive earthquakes not only had long-term consequences for the city's appearance, but also affected the very foundations of urbanism. This chapter traces the history of Metropolis Asiae after the earthquakes of the third and fourth centuries. The archaeological evidence proves that rebuilding took place and within public areas, such as agorae or buildings along the roads and included fountains and baths. The work was not limited only to the reconstruction of buildings but efforts were made to restore the splendid appearance of the city, reflecting the restoration of its high urban status and commercial importance. This chapter also describes the city's numerous churches that graphically attest to the growing importance of Christianity as the state religion.

scholarly journals Minimum 6-Year Follow-Up of Arthroscopic Medial Reefing for Patellar Instability

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0005
Author(s):  
Osman Civan ◽  
Mesut Sançmış ◽  
Nazım Topçuoğlu ◽  
Alpay Merter Özenci
Keyword(s):  
Patellar Instability ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Skin Incision ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Complaint ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anterior Knee

Introduction: Purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic medial reefing for patellar instability at long term. Materials-Methods: 15 patients (16 knees) with patellar instability were consecutively treated by arthroscopic medial reefing between 2005- 2010. At final follow-up 11 patients (12 knees) were available to evaluate. Average age was 18,6 (range, 12-37 years). Average follow-up was 90 months (range, 71-115). History of patellar dislocation episode was reported by all patients. Arthroscopic medial reefing was applied through three standard portals. At least 3 sutures were tied according to medial laxity. Post-operatively all patients were allowed to bear weight on the operated leg immediately and full knee flexion was allowed by the third week. At last follow-up patients were evaluated according to the Tegner and Lysholm scales. Paired t test was used to detect the statistical differences and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Two patients reported re-dislocations after the operation. Re-dislocation rate was 16.6% (2 in 12 knees). In general, patients reported significant improvement in pain, swelling, crepitus, and physical activity. The most common complaint was the anterior knee pain. The average pre and post-operative Tegner scores were 3.66 and 4.0, respectively. The average preoperative Lysholm score was 72 and postoperatively improved to 87.8 (p=0. 017). Discussion: Arthroscopic medial reefing for patellar instability is a viable option for young patients with ligamentous insufficiency without major bony abnormalities. The most significant advantages are that the epiphyseal plates are protected in young patients, no skin incision applied, and no autografts are harvested.

scholarly journals Book Review: How Creating Customer Value Makes You a Great Executive by Gautam Mahajan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Galdolage
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Value Perceptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of value perceptions in marketing goes back to the end of the 19th century, to the industrial revolution which gave rise to ‘transaction marketing’. It made a dichotomy between the customer and producer, making value one-way directional from the provider to the customer. In the early 1990s, many ‘industrial nations' which were recognised as ‘production-led economies' started transforming into ‘service led’ seeking to establish long-term relationships with customers focusing on customer retention more than attracting new customers. However, value creation in the third millennium, progressively transformed into a new stage giving priority to the collaborative perspective of value creation which termed as co-creation. Cite this book review: B.S. Galdolage. (2021). Book Review: How Creating Customer Value Makes You a Great Executive by Gautam Mahajan, Vidyodaya Journal of Management, 7(1), 163-165.

scholarly journals ARFIMA Modelling for Tectonic Earthquakes in The Maluku Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Ferry Kondo Lembang ◽  
Lexy Janzen Sinay ◽  
Asrul Irfanullah
Keyword(s):  
Long Memory ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tectonic Earthquakes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arfima Model ◽  
Second Period

Maluku Province is one of the regions in Indonesia with a very active and very prone earthquake intensity because it is a meeting place for 3 (three) plates, namely the Eurasian, Pacific and Australian plates. In the last 100 years, the history of tectonic earthquakes with tsunamis that occurred in Indonesia was 25-30% occurring in the Maluku Sea and Banda Sea. Based on this fact, this study aims to analyze the incidence of tectonic earthquakes that occurred in the Maluku region and its surroundings using the Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Averages (ARFIMA) model which has the ability to explain long-term time series data (long memory). The results of the research data analysis show that the best model for predicting the number of tectonic earthquakes that occur in Maluku and its surroundings is ARFIMA (0; 0.712; 1) with an MSE value of 0.1156. Meanwhile, the best model for predicting the average magnitude of the number of tectonic earthquakes that occurred in Maluku and its surroundings is ARFIMA (0; -3,224 x 10-9; 1) with an MSE value of 0.01237. Based on the two best models, the prediction results obtained from the number of tectonic earthquakes and the average magnitude of the number of tectonic earthquakes that occurred in Maluku and its surroundings for the next three periods, namely the first period there were 31 tectonic earthquakes with an average magnitude of 4.38481 SR. the second period there were 32 tectonic earthquakes with an average magnitude of 4.38407, and the third period there were 32 tectonic earthquakes with an average magnitude of 4.38333.

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