The Structure of Cities in Southeast Asia, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Reid
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
International Trading ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
Trading Routes ◽  
Vital Factor

Maritime Southeast Asia is one of those parts of the world destined by geography to be an international marketplace. Not only is it the largest of the world's archipelagos, penetrated throughout by sea and river, it also lies athwart one of the major international trading routes, between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean on the one hand and China and Japan on the other. These factors have always given to maritime Southeast Asia a role akin to the Mediterranean world, in which sea-borne trade was the vital factor in urban growth and in political power. In addition, however, Southeast Asia was the principal source of the items in greatest demand in the world's markets in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries — pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and camphor.

Chinese Peasants and the Closed Community: An Open and Shut Case

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. William Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean

Our repertoire of concepts and theories concerning peasantries has been built up through contributions from scholars working in many parts of the world. Latin Americanists and India-wallahs, in particular, have played a major role in the development of models, but we have also heard from specialists in Indonesia, Japan, Europe, the Mediterranean world, and even Africa. But where is China in all this ? Why are students of the world's largest peasantry silent? In part, it is because we are so few and too preoccupied with our own peasants to have time for anybody else's. More to the point, however, the whole body of inherited anthropological wisdom concerning peasantries seems somehow alien and irrelevant to students of Chinese society.

scholarly journals The Emergence of an Export Cluster: Traders and Palm Oil in Early Twentieth-Century Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALERIA GIACOMIN
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Business History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Cluster 2

Malaysia and Indonesia account for 90 percent of global exports of palm oil, forming one of the largest agricultural clusters in the world. This article uses archival sources to trace how this cluster emerged from the rubber business in the era of British and Dutch colonialism. Specifically, the rise of palm oil in this region was due to three interrelated factors: (1) the institutional environment of the existing rubber cluster; (2) an established community of foreign traders; and (3) a trading hub in Singapore that offered a multitude of advanced services. This analysis stresses the historical dimension of clusters, which has been neglected in the previous management and strategy works, by connecting cluster emergence to the business history of trading firms. The article also extends the current literature on cluster emergence by showing that the rise of this cluster occurred parallel, and intimately related, to the product specialization within international trading houses.

Wandering philosophers in Classical Greece

2000 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Montiglio
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Classical Greece ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean

The wandering philosopher is best known to us as a Romantic ideal that projects one's longing for physical and mental withdrawal. Rousseau's ‘promeneur solitaire’ does not cover great distances to bring a message to the world. His wanderings, most often in the immediate surroundings, rather convey spiritual alienation. But the ‘promeneur solitaire’ is not the only kind of wandering philosopher known in Western culture. Itinerant philosophers existed already in antiquity. During the Roman empire, many sages wandered all over the Mediterranean world. They went about for the sake of intellectual and spiritual enrichment, but essentially to spread their teaching and to intervene in local quarrels as religious consultants. Wandering connoted their ambiguous status in society—both in and out—and thereby enhanced their charisma and endowed them with an aura of superior power.

South Asia and Southeast Asia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Wink
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Monsoon Winds

For many centuries, South Asia and Southeast Asia did not constitute two distinct regions of the world but one. This one region encompassed the bulk of the landmasses, islands and maritime spaces which were affected by the seasonal monsoon winds. Throughout its fertile and often extensive river plains it adopted recognizably similar patterns of culture and settled organization. Early geographers mostly referred to it as ‘India’. This article describes the expansion of agriculture and settled society; kings and Brahmans; a graveyard of cites in the Mediterranean that were centers of power and civilization geography and the world-historical context; the Indo-Islamic world; pathways to early modernity; and the effects of European imperialism.

Heracles and the Mastery of Geographical Space

2021 ◽  
pp. 408-417
Author(s):  
Antonio Ignacio Molina Marín
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Geographical Space

The myth of Heracles was modified through the ages and rewritten in accordance with the needs of each period. Given that Heracles was a liminal hero, every time the limits of the world were extended, the spaces Heracles was believed to have reached changed too. Heracles is not satisfied with merely knowing and observing the inhabited world, with controlling it through knowledge; rather, he is a transformer and an alterer of spaces. More than an explorer of the world’s geography, he is a creator of it, and a force of nature in this regard. He is a symbol of Hellenism but also a unifier of Greeks with other peoples, and indeed a unifier of the Mediterranean world in particular.

scholarly journals Forager and farmer evolutionary adaptations to malaria evidenced by 7000 years of thalassemia in Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melandri Vlok ◽  
Hallie R. Buckley ◽  
Justyna J. Miszkiewicz ◽  
Meg M. Walker ◽  
Kate Domett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Early Agriculture ◽  
Blood Disorders ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractThalassemias are inherited blood disorders that are found in high prevalences in the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. These diseases provide varying levels of resistance to malaria and are proposed to have emerged as an adaptive response to malaria in these regions. The transition to agriculture in the Holocene has been suggested to have influenced the selection for thalassemia in the Mediterranean as land clearance for farming encouraged interaction between Anopheles mosquitos, the vectors for malaria, and human groups. Here we document macroscopic and microscopic skeletal evidence for the presence of thalassemia in both hunter-gatherer (Con Co Ngua) and early agricultural (Man Bac) populations in northern Vietnam. Firstly, our findings demonstrate that thalassemia emerged prior to the transition to agriculture in Mainland Southeast Asia, from at least the early seventh millennium BP, contradicting a long-held assumption that agriculture was the main driver for an increase in malaria in Southeast Asia. Secondly, we describe evidence for significant malarial burden in the region during early agriculture. We argue that the introduction of farming into the region was not the initial driver of the selection for thalassemia, as it may have been in other regions of the world.

scholarly journals From the Judaean Desert to the Great Sea: Qumran in a Mediterranean Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-406
Author(s):  
Dennis Mizzi
Keyword(s):  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Ecological History ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Dining Room ◽  
The One ◽  
Splendid Isolation ◽  
Marginal Zones

Abstract The time when Qumran was studied in splendid isolation is long gone, but much work remains to be done when it comes to situating the site in its wider context. In this paper, Qumran is contextualized, on the one hand, within the larger ecological history of the Mediterranean and, on the other, within the Mediterranean world of classical antiquity. Questions regarding the functions of the Qumran settlement are addressed from the perspective of “marginal zones” in the Mediterranean, which provides an ideal backdrop through which to illumine aspects of daily life at Qumran. Furthermore, it is shown how comparative case studies from the Graeco-Roman Mediterranean help us to nuance the discussion concerning “Hellenization” or “Romanization” with regard to Qumran. Finally, a new understanding of L4, which is here interpreted primarily as a dining room, is proposed on the basis of archaeological parallels from the Graeco-Roman world. A pan-Mediterranean perspective, therefore, allows us to generate new insights on old questions and novel interpretations.

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. Mathisen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Several lessons have been leant from the three volumes of PLRE. The scholarly response suggests that the most sought-after attributes of any prosopographical catalogue are clearly formulated and stated criteria for inclusion, consistency in the application of the criteria, and completeness of coverage. In sum, PLRE has caused people to rethink many of the ways in which they look at late antiquity. The development of the material demonstrates the growing diversity of the Mediterranean world: PLRE by PLRE III, one has a massive array of eastern and western non-Romans both within and outside the imperial frontiers. As a result of its increasing inclusivity, PLRE became more of a secular PLA than a PLRE. Overall, this chapter concludes that PLRE has become the one work that must be on the shelves of anyone who proposes to make a comprehensive study of the late antique world.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Brian R. Doak ◽  
Carolina López-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The World ◽  
Mediterranean History ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Political Agents

In this introductory chapter the editors speak to the relevance of the Phoenicians as active cultural, economic, and political agents in ancient Mediterranean history. The Phoenicians are the constantly underrated, even marginalized “third party” in a story written as a tale of Greek and Roman success in the Mediterranean world. But it is no exaggeration to say that the world that the Greeks and Romans experienced, and to some extent the world we live in today, would have been quite different had the Phoenicians not existed. The editors stress the need for an updated overview stemming from the multiple countries and disciplines that have advanced our study of the Phoenicians in recent decades. They also lay out the rationale behind this Handbook, its organization, and its goals.

scholarly journals Border and Textuality in the Mediterranean: United States and Spain in Transition Towards Democracy under the Cold War

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
José Luis Neila Hernández
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War

The Political Transition catalyzed a change process in the Spanish society that would lead to its international standardization. The international dimension was the key to understand the nature of the Spanish Policy concerning the Mediterranean Area, its close southern periphery, and the guidelines of the Modernization in a European and Western sense. The reflection about the meaning of the frontier in the historical and cultural background of the United States of America and Spain according to the Mediterranean world, is analyzed from these two approaches: on the one hand, the challenge and the debate about the Modernity and Modernization throughout the 20th century in the special context of the Political Transition; and, on the other hand, the different experiences that were converging from Washington and Madrid around the Mediterranean as a frontier in term of security.

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