scholarly journals Forager and farmer evolutionary adaptations to malaria evidenced by 7000 years of thalassemia in Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melandri Vlok ◽  
Hallie R. Buckley ◽  
Justyna J. Miszkiewicz ◽  
Meg M. Walker ◽  
Kate Domett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Early Agriculture ◽  
Blood Disorders ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractThalassemias are inherited blood disorders that are found in high prevalences in the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. These diseases provide varying levels of resistance to malaria and are proposed to have emerged as an adaptive response to malaria in these regions. The transition to agriculture in the Holocene has been suggested to have influenced the selection for thalassemia in the Mediterranean as land clearance for farming encouraged interaction between Anopheles mosquitos, the vectors for malaria, and human groups. Here we document macroscopic and microscopic skeletal evidence for the presence of thalassemia in both hunter-gatherer (Con Co Ngua) and early agricultural (Man Bac) populations in northern Vietnam. Firstly, our findings demonstrate that thalassemia emerged prior to the transition to agriculture in Mainland Southeast Asia, from at least the early seventh millennium BP, contradicting a long-held assumption that agriculture was the main driver for an increase in malaria in Southeast Asia. Secondly, we describe evidence for significant malarial burden in the region during early agriculture. We argue that the introduction of farming into the region was not the initial driver of the selection for thalassemia, as it may have been in other regions of the world.

South Asia and Southeast Asia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Wink
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Monsoon Winds

For many centuries, South Asia and Southeast Asia did not constitute two distinct regions of the world but one. This one region encompassed the bulk of the landmasses, islands and maritime spaces which were affected by the seasonal monsoon winds. Throughout its fertile and often extensive river plains it adopted recognizably similar patterns of culture and settled organization. Early geographers mostly referred to it as ‘India’. This article describes the expansion of agriculture and settled society; kings and Brahmans; a graveyard of cites in the Mediterranean that were centers of power and civilization geography and the world-historical context; the Indo-Islamic world; pathways to early modernity; and the effects of European imperialism.

The Structure of Cities in Southeast Asia, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Reid
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
International Trading ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
Trading Routes ◽  
Vital Factor

Maritime Southeast Asia is one of those parts of the world destined by geography to be an international marketplace. Not only is it the largest of the world's archipelagos, penetrated throughout by sea and river, it also lies athwart one of the major international trading routes, between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean on the one hand and China and Japan on the other. These factors have always given to maritime Southeast Asia a role akin to the Mediterranean world, in which sea-borne trade was the vital factor in urban growth and in political power. In addition, however, Southeast Asia was the principal source of the items in greatest demand in the world's markets in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries — pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and camphor.

scholarly journals Is Eurozone accumulating an historic lag toward Asia in the COVID-19 context?

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
J. Sapir ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Breaking Point ◽  
Growth Pole ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

The COVID-19 epidemic is affecting the global economy since early 2020. This pandemy has hit countries and shaken the global economy as it has not actually recovered from the financial crisis of the years 2008-2010. The process of economic de-globalization accelerated in recent years. It began to manifest openly with the 2008-2010 crisis. In fact, it is from this crisis that we can date a breaking point in the various statistical data. This does not mean that the tendencies towards this de-globalization did not exist before 2007. However, it took this global financial crisis, which was a crisis of globalization both in its causes and in its unfolding, for these trends to manifest themselves openly. The COVID-19 epidemic therefore broke out in a context that was then marked by fundamental changes. It has hit different countries very unevenly and will also unevenly affect post-COVID-19 recovery trajectories. The COVID-19 could then accelerate significantly trends, which were already perceptible before the pandemy. It will play the role of both revealing and accelerating changes that had been noticeable for ten years now. The shift of the world growth pole from the Atlantic zone (USA-Europe) to the Pacific zone, and more particularly Southeast Asia, seems irreversible today.

Early agriculture in southeast Asia: phytolith evidence from the Bang Pakong Valley, Thailand

Antiquity ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (260) ◽  
pp. 564-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kealhofer ◽  
Dolores R. Piperno
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Early Agriculture ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Rice ◽  
New View

Phytoliths — the microscopic opal silica bodies inside plant tissue that often survive well in archaeological deposits— are becoming a larger part of the world of human palaeobotany. They give a new view of early rice in southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Europejskie połączenia lotnicze głównych regionów turystycznych Azji Południowo-Wschodniej

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 462-470
Author(s):  
Renata Rettinger ◽  
Piotr Staszak
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Local Transport

Transport plays a key role in satisfying the needs associated with tourist activity, both in regard to actually reaching one’s destination as well as in regard to local transport in the area visited. East Asia and the Pacific is the most dynamically developing market of inbound tourism in the world. Between 2000–2008, international tourist arrivals increased by 67.2% (74 mln). The sub­region of Southeast Asia was visited by 70.9% (36.1 mln) more tourists than 8 years before. Malaysia is the most frequently visited country in the region, with 22.1 mln international arrivals in 2008, compared to 14.6 mln in Thailand and 7.8 mln in Singapore. Thailand has the largest influx of tourists followed by Malaysia. It is predicted that the importance of tourism in the region will continue to grow in the future. The percentage of international tourist arrivals to East Asia and the Pacific will have increased to 25% by 2020. The key factor in the region is its accessibility as regards transport links, a factor which explains the rapid development of its airports, including the largest ones of Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. The present flight schedule (winter season 2009) has 338 connections between those cities and Europe, mostly from Bangkok (177). Singapore has 113 connections weekly with Europe while Kuala Lumpur only 48. None of these airports has regular connections with Polish airports except charter flights operated by Air Italy from Warsaw to Bangkok and connections under code share agreements.

Waveform tomography in the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke Blom ◽  
Andreas Fichtner ◽  
Alexey Gokhberg ◽  
Nicholas Rawlinson ◽  
Deborah Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Seismic Inversion ◽  
Earthquake Source Parameters ◽  
North Borneo ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Waveform Tomography

<p>In this work, we present results from waveform tomography conducted in the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia. Whilst computationally more expensive than ray-based imaging methods, the advantage of waveform methods lies in their ability to incorporate in a consistent manner all the information contained in seismograms – not just the arrivals of certain, specified phases. We can therefore naturally and coherently exploit body and multimode surface waves, and take into account source effects, frequency-dependence, wavefront healing, anisotropy and attenuation.</p><p>Here, we look at applications of this method in two geologically complex regions: the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia. Both are characterised by broadscale convergence and a complicated pattern of interactions between larger and smaller-scale tectonic plates.</p><p>The Mediterranean is historically one of the best studied areas in the world, with an impressive density of seismic stations which greatly aids the detailed imaging of the region. We have been able to image the Central and Eastern Mediterranean down to the mantle transition zone, thereby illuminating the complex slab structures and geometries within the domain. We identify several main slabs that correspond to major current and former subduction zones.</p><p>In Southeast Asia, we work at a larger scale, with a model domain encompassing the Sunda arc (which gives rise to some of the world’s most significant natural hazards), the Banda arc with its spectacular 180° curvature and various smaller-scale features, such as the tectonically complex island of Sulawesi. To date, sparse instrument coverage in the region has led to a heterogeneous path coverage, in particular around Borneo which is located in an intra-plate setting. A recent series of temporary seismometer deployments in Sabah (North Borneo), Kalimantan, Sulawesi and the Celebes Sea allows us to fill the gaps in the publicly available data, thereby providing new opportunities to investigate the region's complexity using waveform tomography.</p><p>In this presentation, we will also discuss a number of features and “best practices” that can significantly influence waveform tomography results. In particular, we highlight how we can optimise sensitivity to deep structure by combining long-period data with a window selection approach that specifically targets body wave signals, and we discuss the effect of uncertainties in earthquake source parameters on the seismic inversion process.</p>

The Concept of Panca-sila, Its Roots and Some Influences

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Jawaharlal Nehru

All the religions of the world are based on the fundamental principles of good conduct and prohibit their followers from indulging in the misconduct and misbehavior that may harm the society at large. However, nothing appears without its root. India is famous for her heritage of philosophy and culture having got a deep system of thoughts, beautiful values and profound influences on other countries. The paper mentions the concept of Panca-sila, the origins and some of its influences on India and Southeast Asia. The paper has four parts: 1. The concept of Panca-sila in the Upanishadic ideas; 2. The connectivity of Panca-sila with Buddha; 3. The Panchsheel Treaty by Jawaharlal Nehru; and 4. Panca-sila in Sukarno’ philosophy. Received 22nd June 2018; Revised 2nd April 2019; Accepted 14th April 2019

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