Beyond Inevitability: The Opening of Philippine Provincial Ports in 1855

1994 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filomeno V. Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
World Market ◽  
Socioeconomic Change ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
Direct Incorporation

The opening of Philippine provincial ports to the world market in 1855 served to solidify the direct incorporation of regions outside Manila into the international capitalist system. This article reconstructs the events surrounding this important episode by situating it in the context of global capitalist dynamics and Spanish imperial decay, and the conjuncture in which local interest groups manoeuvred to intervene in the colonial state processes of the Spanish Philippines. In line with Philip Abrams' vision of history as the nexus of structure and action, the 1855 ports policy is reinterpreted as issuing from the articulation of macro and micro spheres, a perspective which allows for contingency in so far as the possibilities of human actors confronting structured totalities are multiple yet theoretically bounded. By eschewing the overdetermined view of socioeconomic change and by accounting for human agency in history, this article serves as a case study to overcome the notion of inexorability that, as David Booth rightly points out, has been frequently imputed to the epoch of global capitalist change.

The Consolation of Community: Innovation and Ideas of History in Ratpert's ‘Casus Sancti Galli’

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
CHRISTINA PÖSSEL
Keyword(s):  
Human Agency ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monastic History

This paper takes the case study of a well-known but also rather poorly-regarded text, Ratpert of St Gall's Casus Sancti Galli, to examine some of the methodological issues of modern historians reading medieval historians. It is argued that features of Ratpert of St Gall's monastic history which modern readers have found frustrating or even boring were actually the result of the author's specific rhetorical strategies and ideas of history. Ratpert developed an innovative way of writing the history of a Christian community in the mortal world. Unlike other monastic historians who were developing the genre at the time and who followed more hagiographical models, Ratpert chose to put the anonymous, timeless collective of the monks at the centre of his text. His idea of history suggests a lack of effective human agency in the world, in which ups and downs forever follow one another, and contrasts this with the eternity of God.

How Economic Dependency Was Created Through the WTO: A Case Study of South Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka Yi Fung
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Dependency ◽  
The World

Adapting the framework of dependency theory, the article asks how the economic dependency of less developed countries (LDCs) on developed countries (DCs) is created through free trade. This article uses South Korea’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a case study to illustrate this economic dependency creation process. Based on second-hand data from existing studies, the European Union, and the WTO, this article finds: (i) due to limited farmland size and high production costs, South Korean agricultural products cannot win a seat in the world market; (ii) the local agricultural sector was destroyed in South Korea because small farmers cannot earn a living by farming; and (iii) since the local agricultural sector cannot support the food demand in South Korea, South Korea now has to import a large amount of food. This article concludes that free trade actually destroys the local agricultural industry and the food security of South Korea, and consequently makes South Korea have to rely heavily on DCs for food import.

scholarly journals Kopi, Cooperatives, and Compliance: A Case Study of Fair Trade in Aceh, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Heather Walker
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
World Market ◽  
Market System ◽  
Strong Growth ◽  
Fair Trade Coffee ◽  
Fair Trade Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
Coffee Farmers

<p>A development initiative at its core, fair trade endeavors to provide better trading conditions for disadvantaged producers in the world market system, such as smallholder coffee farmers, who face a volatile market and prices that have yet to recover from a deep price crisis in the early 2000s. With the onset of labeling and certification, fair trade entered the mainstream by the late 1990s, and has continued to demonstrate strong growth in sales. Moreover, new producer organizations are becoming certified in an expanding number of countries, and fair trade coffee is expanding beyond its traditionally dominant productive center in Latin America.  To explore how fair trade is established, and interacts with, new producer contexts, a case study was performed with five fair trade certified coffee cooperatives in Aceh, Indonesia, all of whom have gained certification within the last 10 years, was performed. This thesis sought to understand the particularities behind how fair trade reached Aceh, what factors influenced its implementation, and how coffee producers experience their participation in the fair trade movement. Further, particular attention was paid to the practice and formation of the cooperatives’ structures and policies; fair trade requires that coffee farmers are organized into democratically owned and governed cooperatives, an institution relatively unpracticed in Indonesia.</p>

Modernity From Below: The Amalgamated Oriental Carpet Manufacturers, Ltd. of Izmir, 1907-1922

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-429
Author(s):  
Elena Frangakis-Syrett
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
World Market ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
The World

Turkish carpet making and marketing, a rapidly expanding niche in the world market in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, offers an excellent case study for modernity in a major Ottoman provincial urban center such as Izmir and its hinterland in western Anatolia. Representative of the changes that the city’s economy was undergoing was the Amalgamated Oriental Carpet Manufacturers Limited (ocm), which included multiethnic and multiconfessional actors similar to the city’s business sector and general population, as well as dual nodes of administration in London and Izmir. This case study of ocm (and of its emulators) reveals the degree of modernity that Izmir’s business circles were capable of at the turn of the century, and their ability to put together a trust and strategize accordingly along similar lines as the trusts in Europe or the us.

scholarly journals The special place of walnuts in the world market and their transportation (case study of Uzbekistan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 918 ◽  
pp. 012141
Author(s):  
Umida Sangirova ◽  
Zulfiya Khafizova ◽  
Durdona Kurbanova ◽  
Barno Rakhmonova ◽  
Farida Kadirkhodjaeva
Keyword(s):  
World Market ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The World

scholarly journals The Necropolice Economy: Mapping Biopolitical Priorities and Human Expendability in the Time of COVID-19

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Mark Howard
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
World Market ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The World

Necropolitics centers on the dark side of biopolitics, but if we are to take seriously Jacques Ranciere’s reassignment of ‘politics’ and ‘police,’ then what is revealed by necropolitical analysis is not simply the capacity to ‘make and let die’, but also the policing of a contingent order sustained by necropolitics. I describe this process as the necropolice-economy, and in this paper demonstrate its contours with reference to the COVID-19 pandemic which, I argue, has revealed the expendability of particular populations under conditions of risk and uncertainty. My analysis proceeds in three parts. First, I present the thesis of necropolice economy, arguing that the capitalist system has historically produced not simply a political economy, but a policed economy that induces a necropolitics of dispensability for unproductive or replaceable populations. Second, I develop this thesis by examining the relegation of society in relation to the economy amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Third, I argue that the inability of states to be decisive in the pandemic reveals that the sovereign prerogative to decide on the exception is constrained by capitalist forces. This suggests that the world market is itself a sovereign force, though it is one that remains ever dependent on state violence. To conclude, I ask whether we can channel the trauma of death made visible into processes of memorialization that might catalyze revolutionary action, rather than accelerating the evolution of our necropolice economy into its next capitalist guise—I ask, provocatively, whether an emancipatory necropolitics might yet result from the contemporary moment.

scholarly journals Wonder Woman: An Assemblage of Complete Virtue Packed in a Tight Swimsuit

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197
Author(s):  
Theresa K Ashford ◽  
Neal Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Relational Networks ◽  
Wonder Woman ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
Exemplary Model ◽  
The Trinity

This paper uses actor-network theory (ANT) and Aristotelian virtue ethics to think with/of Wonder Woman as an assemblage of human and non-human actors clustered on a page. It also considers how the emerging assemblage that is Wonder Woman might be viewed as the embodiment of Aristotle’s ‘complete virtue’ or justice. As one of the ‘trinity’ of superheroes of Detective Comics (DC), which also include Superman and Batman, Wonder Woman was created to counter the sadism and tyranny of the Nazi threat during the 1930s and 1940s and has been continually published since 1941. Wonder Woman is a multidimensional icon and an exemplary model of a superhero with a different body and voice, who operates in a different way in the world. She is presented here as a case study to trace possible translations of Aristotle’s configurations of virtue and justice. Using ANT, we argue that Wonder Woman arises from an assemblage of actors that include an armoured swimsuit, a magic lasso, shiny bracelets and a star-emblazoned tiara. By problematising these technologies as actors that commonly invite objectification (the swimsuit) or subjugation (the ropes), this paper suggests possible divergent readings that reveal how virtue and justice can emerge within these relational networks. We test how the sexualised body depictions and overt bondage references in the Wonder Woman comics, and in particular, in our chosen story, George Pérez’s Wonder Woman: Destiny Calling, offer something bolder and more profound—a complex performance of justice. Additionally, this paper intimates the productive methodological powers of ANT in relation to the broader field of comics studies.

scholarly journals Some Corner of a Chinese Field: The politics of remembering foreign veterans of the Taiping civil war

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1134-1171
Author(s):  
JONATHAN CHAPPELL
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Transnational Politics ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Treaty Port ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe memory of the foreign involvement in the Taiping war lasted long after the fall of the Taiping capital at Nanjing in 1864. The events were commemorated by various actors, Chinese and foreign, from the end of the war until the end of the treaty-port century in 1943 when the right to extraterritoriality was abrogated. This article explores the commemorations of the foreign role through three media: the issuing of medals to foreign fighters, the building of memorials to the foreign dead, and the writing of histories of the events. Across these media, different interest groups used the foreign interventions as a proxy for continuing debates about the role of foreigners in China and about China's place in the world. More broadly, the commemorations of the role of foreign fighters in the Taiping war is a case study in the transnational politics of memory. The memories of the war were contested or commemorated not just by states, but also by individuals and groups whose views often diverged from those of their government. By tracing how memories of the war were remembered and forgotten, we can trace the insecurities of different interest groups over time and their perceived power relative to each other.

scholarly journals Kopi, Cooperatives, and Compliance: A Case Study of Fair Trade in Aceh, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Heather Walker
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
World Market ◽  
Market System ◽  
Strong Growth ◽  
Fair Trade Coffee ◽  
Fair Trade Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
Coffee Farmers

<p>A development initiative at its core, fair trade endeavors to provide better trading conditions for disadvantaged producers in the world market system, such as smallholder coffee farmers, who face a volatile market and prices that have yet to recover from a deep price crisis in the early 2000s. With the onset of labeling and certification, fair trade entered the mainstream by the late 1990s, and has continued to demonstrate strong growth in sales. Moreover, new producer organizations are becoming certified in an expanding number of countries, and fair trade coffee is expanding beyond its traditionally dominant productive center in Latin America.  To explore how fair trade is established, and interacts with, new producer contexts, a case study was performed with five fair trade certified coffee cooperatives in Aceh, Indonesia, all of whom have gained certification within the last 10 years, was performed. This thesis sought to understand the particularities behind how fair trade reached Aceh, what factors influenced its implementation, and how coffee producers experience their participation in the fair trade movement. Further, particular attention was paid to the practice and formation of the cooperatives’ structures and policies; fair trade requires that coffee farmers are organized into democratically owned and governed cooperatives, an institution relatively unpracticed in Indonesia.</p>

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