Age, growth and mortality of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the south-eastern region of the Black Sea during the 2010–2011 fishing season

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 2247-2255 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Erdoğan Sağlam ◽  
C. Sağlam
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
South Eastern

In this research age composition, sex-ratio, growth, survival, mortality and exploitation rates were determined in the south-eastern Black Sea region of Turkey during the 2010–2011 fishing season. Anchovy in the age group 2 was the most abundant (64.06%), followed by age groups 1 (33.12%), 3 (1.80%) and 0 (1.02%). Mean length and weight of the total sample, males and females, were 11.63 ± 0.02 cm, 9.98 ± 0.04 g; 11.39 ± 0.03 cm, 9.40 ± 0.07 g; and 11.98 ± 0.02 cm, 10.73 ± 0.05 g, respectively. The mean condition factor was CF = 0.63 and the sex composition was 61.27% female, 34.40% male and 4.33% unidentified. Equations describing the relationship between length and weight, age and length, and age and weight were derived as W = 0.011 × L2.742, L(t) = 16.368*(1–e−0.425*(t +1.35)) and W(t) = 23.516*(1 –e–0.425*(t+1.35))2,747, respectively. The survival (S), instantaneous total mortality (Z), annual mortality (A), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) rates were found to be S = 5.8%, Z = 2.84 yr–1,, A = 94.2%, M = 0.66 yr−1, and F = 2.18 yr–1, respectively. The exploitation rate was calculated as 0.77, which is higher than the optimum exploitation level.

scholarly journals Population parameters of the pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
İsmet Balık
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Growth Equation ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Exploitation Rate

The aim of this study is to estimate population parameters of pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835 in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. A total of 314 pontic shad specimens were collected from study area using artisanal fishing gears from March 2013 to February 2014. In the study, parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were found as L∞=43.05 cm; k=0.430 per year and t0=-0.451 year. The growth performance index (Φ') was estimated as 2.90. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), fishing mortality rates (F) were calculated as 1.33 year-1, 0.75 year-1 and 0.58 year-1, respectively. The annual instantaneous fishing mortality rate was greater than both the target (Fopt=0.375 year-1) and limit (Flimit=0.50 year-1) biological reference points. Similarly, the present level of exploitation rate (E=0.43) was higher than the exploitation ratio for maximum yield per recruit (Emax=0.375) suggesting that overexploitation occurred. These results showed that this species has been over-exploited in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. Measures should be taken to reduce the current exploitation rate for sustainable fishing of pontic shad in the Fatsa coast of the south-eastern Black Sea.

THE ECONOMIC-MILITARY IMPORTANCE OF THE BLACK SEA – NORTH SEA CORRIDOR FOR ENSURING STABILITY IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Valentin-Costinel TOTIR ◽  
Roxana ALEXANDRU
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: During history, the main channel of communication and cooperation between countries was through commerce and, consequently, through transport. Among all the transport ways, the maritime transport is the one that offers the best cost – benefits ratio. This article is addressed to all the people involved or interested in the economic and military fields and aims to highlight the importance of the Black Sea and North Sea connecting corridor in ensuring peace and stability in Europe in general and in South-Eastern Europe in special. To achieve this goal, we will review the historical conflicts among European countries for waterway control and make a descriptive analysis of the stability situation in the areas affected by them. Furthermore, using the hypothetical-deductive method, we will highlight the manner in which the connection of the Black Sea with the North Sea has influenced economic and military exchanges between riparian states and the impact on stability across European continent. At the end of the article, we will show how economic and military stability in south-eastern Europe is influenced and threatened by geopolitical changes in the wider Black Sea region and how this stability can be maintained and strengthened due to the great possibilities for economic cooperation among the countries of Western and South-Eastern Europe. The novelty of this approach is that it aims to analyze the importance of the Black Sea-North Sea channel in the context of fundamental changes in the politico-military situation in South-East Europe, generated by the expansion of the Russian Federation and the conflict between Turkey and Greece, NATO member countries.

scholarly journals The spatial pattern of selected extreme precipitation indices for Turkey (1975-2012)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Faize Sarış
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Rainy Days

AbstractThis paper analyses extreme precipitation characteristics of Turkey based on selected WMO climate change indices. The indices – monthly total rainy days (RDays); monthly maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day); simple precipitation intensity index (SDII); and monthly count of days when total precipitation (represented by PRCP) exceeds 10 mm (R10mm) – were calculated for 98 stations for the 38-year overlapping period (1975–2012). Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate the spatial characterisation of the annual precipitation extremes. Four extreme precipitation clusters were detected. Cluster 1 corresponds spatially to Central and Eastern Anatolia and is identified with the lowest values of the indices, except rainy days. Cluster 2 is concentrated mainly on the west and south of Anatolia, and especially the coastal zone, and can be characterised with the lowest rainy days, and high and moderate values of other indices. These two clusters are the most prominent classes throughout the country, and include a total of 82 stations. Cluster 3 is clearly located in the Black Sea coastal zone in the north, and has high and moderate index values. Two stations on the north-east coast of the Black Sea region are identified as Cluster 4, which exhibits the highest values among all indices. The overall results reveal that winter months and October have the highest proportion of precipitation extremes in Turkey. The north-east part of the Black Sea region and Mediterranean coastal area from the south-west to the south-east are prone to frequent extreme precipitation events.

‘Brown-Clay’ Amphorae from Gonio (Apsaros)

Światowit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 143-151
Author(s):  
Paulina Komar
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Local Production ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Brown Clay

This paper presents the first study of the so-called ‘brown-clay’ amphorae discovered by the Gonio-Apsaros Polish-Georgian Expedition in the Roman fort of Apsaros (modern Gonio, Georgia) between 2014 and 2018. In the course of five excavation seasons, 157 diagnostic fragments of these containers were attested, all belonging to variants Ch 1B2 and Ch 1C dated to between c. 50 BC and the 3rd century AD. Thus, they confirm the existence of the Apsaros fortress during the first three centuries of the present era. Both Colchian and south-eastern Pontic containers were found in Apsaros, the latter produced probably in Trapezus. This suggests the south-eastern Pontic provenance of some of the imports in Apsaros, especially until the end of the 1st century AD. On the other hand, local production of containers indicates that the area of the fortress might have produced food surpluses (probably wine), which during the late 1st and throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD were exported to other areas neighbouring the Black Sea.

RUSSIAN ANTI-ACCESS POTENTIAL (A2 / AD) ON THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Patryk Reśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The purpose of the following article is to present the military capabilities of the Russian Federation located on the Crimean peninsula, and to define in this context Russian A2/AD anti-access capabilities and their impact on the security architecture of the Black Sea region, in particular NATO's south-eastern flank

scholarly journals THE ACTIONS OF THE SOVIET AVIATION TO DISRUPT THE MARITIME TRAFFIC OF THE ENEMY DURING THE RETREAT OF THE GERMAN-ROMANIAN TROOPS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN CRIMEA (APRIL 1944)

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
S.N. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Fighter Aircraft ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Maritime Traffic ◽  
Eastern Crimea

On the basis of archival sources and Chronicles of hostilities in the Black sea, data on the actions of assault and fighter aircraft of the black sea fleet air force and the 4th air army on sea targets, ports of the South-Eastern Crimea and their infrastructure when trying to evacuate the retreating German-Romanian troops in the second decade of April 1944, at the beginning of the Crimean strategic offensive.

II.—The Bronze Age in Macedonia

Archaeologia ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Stanley Casson
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Bronze Age

In most text-books of archaeology the section dealing with the Bronze Age in the Aegean invariably refers us to the culture of Crete and Mycenae. Under the heading of ‘South-Eastern Europe’ we are usually given an account of the Bronze Age of Hungary and the Danubian area. But between these two regions lies an area which is, as yet, almost entirely uncharted by archaeologists, an area which, from its position, is one of the most important in Southern Europe. Between the Danube and the Aegean, the Black Sea and the hills that hem in the river Vardar on its right bank, lies an area across which, by rigidly limited routes, have passed all intrusive elements from Asia and all invading elements into Asia, either by way of the South Russian Steppe or across the Dardanelles and Bosporus.

scholarly journals A new grid-net design to eliminate by-catch for the veined rapa whelk beam trawl fisheries in the south-eastern Black Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMET RAIF ERYAŞAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Beam Trawl ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Sea Beam ◽  
The Mean ◽  
By Catch ◽  
Trawl Fisheries ◽  
Rapa Whelk

            The beam trawl fisheries in the Black Sea only target the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) individuals, and other species like fishes and crabs are thrown back into the sea dead or alive. Furthermore, small bivalves and crabs are packed with the target species without any elimination. In this study, a grid-net design (GND) with two different bar spacing was tested to reduce the by-catch. In total 30 hauls (15 hauls for each bar spacing) were carried out in the south-eastern Black Sea between 17 and 26 August 2017. A commercial diamond mesh and one of the grid-net beam trawls were towed simultaneously onboard a commercial vessel to compare the by-catch compositions. Results showed that there were statistically significant (p<0.01) 78% and 83% decreases in the mean weight of the by-catch for 20 and 30 mm grid-nets, respectively. When compared to the conventional gear, a commercial loss of 14% in the 20 mm GND, and 39% in the 30 mm GND in landing values were estimated. In conclusion, use of grid-nets in south-eastern Black Sea beam trawl fisheries can significantly reduce the by-catch of most benthic species. However, it also causes some commercial loss which might be compensated by providing some compensation to fishers such as extension of the fishing season.

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