The Technology of Sanitation in Colonial Delhi

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIJAY PRASHAD
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working People ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Von Liebig

I. Sewage Under CapitalismThe preservation of the wealth and welfare of nations, and advances in culture and civilisation depend on how the sewage question is resolved.(von Liebig, 1850s).Delhi is a very suggestive and moralising place—such stupendous remains of power and wealth passed and passing away—and somehow I feel that we horrid English have just ‘gone and done it’, merchandised it, revenue it, and spoiled it all. (Emily Eden, 1838).Veena Oldenburg argues that after the Rebellion of 1857 British colonial officials inaugurated a process of urban reconstruction following three imperatives: safety, sanitation and loyalty. To make the cities of India safe, clean and loyal, the colonial regime exerted a measure of ‘social control . . . In an era when tinkering with the structure of society had been officially and unambiguously forsworn.’. If the highest offices of the colonial regime proclaimed its remove from society, she argues, the ‘lowest levels of decision making and action’, intruded effectively to reconstruct the social fabric of urban life. In this essay, we will examine this lowest level of the colonial regime in the local government of Delhi (the Delhi Municipal Corporation [DMC], the commissioner's office, the army, the Public Works Department [PWD], the railway officials) and its relations with the local nobility (the rais and amirs), the merchants, and working people.

Decision making and the social fabric

Society ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Goslin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
The Social

Facebook confessions: Corporate abdication and Silicon Valley dystopianism

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482093354
Author(s):  
Tero Karppi ◽  
David B Nieborg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Platform

This article investigates the public confessions of a small group of ex-Facebook employees, investors, and founders who express regret helping to build the social media platform. Prompted by Facebook’s role in the 2016 United States elections and pointing to the platform’s unintended consequences, the confessions are more than formal admissions of sins. They speak of Facebook’s capacity to damage democratic decision-making and “exploit human psychology,” suggesting that individual users, children in particular, should disconnect. Rather than expressions of truth, this emerging form of corporate abdication constructs dystopian narratives that have the power shape our future visions of social platforms and give rise to new utopias. As such, and marking a stark break with decades of technological utopianism, the confessions are an emergent form of Silicon Valley dystopianism.

How Judges Use Weapons of Influence: The Social Psychology of Courts

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Guy Davidov ◽  
Maayan Davidov
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Government

Research on compliance has shown that people can be induced to comply with various requests by using techniques that capitalise on the human tendencies to act consistently and to reciprocate. Thus far this line of research has been applied to interactions between individuals, not to relations between institutions. We argue, however, that similar techniques are applied by courts vis-à-vis the government, the legislature and the public at large, when courts try to secure legitimacy and acceptance of their decisions. We discuss a number of known influence techniques – including ‘foot in the door’, ‘low-balling’, ‘giving a reputation to uphold’ and ‘door in the face’ – and provide examples from Israeli case law of the use of such techniques by courts. This analysis offers new insights that can further the understanding of judicial decision-making processes.

Relational and Contractual Governance in Family Firms: Effects on Strategic Decision Making

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Mustakallio ◽  
Erkko Autio ◽  
Shaker A. Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
The Social

Governance of family firms differs from mainstream corporate governance in an important respect: Important owners, i.e., family members, may have multiple roles in the business. In this paper, we develop and test a model of family firm governance that incorporates both formal control and social control aspects of governance. Governance based on the formal control draws on agency theory, whereas the social control aspects draw on social theories of governance, addressing social capital embedded in relationships. Drawing on these theories, we examine the influence of different governance mechanisms on the quality of strategic decision making. The Family Business Governance Model is tested using survey data from 192 family firms in Finland. We use structural equation modeling in testing the empirical validity of the model. The empirical analysis largely supports our hypotheses on formal control and social control as well as their influences on the decision-making quality.

Supervisory board process: Evidence from French public hospitals

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhoine Laouer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Board Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Supervisory Boards ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

We mobilize theories of corporate governance and the theory of the social psychology of decision-making small groups to understand the operational process of the public hospital supervisory board. More precisely, we empirically test the mediation relationship of the decision-making process (effort norms, use of knowledge and skills, and conflict cognitive) between its structure (size, the composition, and diversity) and the performance of its roles (strategy, control, and service). A total of 320 questionnaires coming from members of the French public hospital supervisory board were collected. The aggregation of these individual answers generates a sample of 159 public hospital supervisory boards. The results of the tests of the assumptions of the research model confirm the fact that the structure of the supervisory board does not influence the performance of its roles. However, supervisory board effort norms positively affect the performance of its roles positively. Only effort norms and the use of knowledge and the skills partially play the role of mediator between the supervisory board structure and the performance of its roles. Practical and theoretical implications are exposed in the discussion.

Digital Dystopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 2007-2048
Author(s):  
Jean Tirole
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Weak Ties ◽  
Social Graph ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Guilt By Association ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
Soft Control

Autocratic regimes, democratic majorities, private platforms, and religious or professional organizations can achieve social control by managing the flow of information about individuals’ behavior. Bundling the agents’ political, organizational, or religious attitudes with information about their prosocial conduct makes them care about behaviors that they otherwise would not. The incorporation of the individuals’ social graph in their social score further promotes soft control but destroys the social fabric. Both bundling and guilt by association are most effective in a society that has weak ties and is politically docile. (JEL D64, D72, D83, D91, K38, Z13)

Mental Testing and Tracking for the Social Adjustment of an Urban Underclass, 1920-1930

1986 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mental Testing

This essay examines the mechanisms used by the public school for socially adjusting an underclass of Italian, Polish, and southern black children who immigrated to Buffalo, New York, in the 1920s. It describes in some detail the activities and goals associated with the institutionalization of mental testing and tracking programs in those public schools serving these young members of an underclass. This essay suggests that as a tool of social control, testing and tracking into special education classes may have discriminated against the unassimilated newcomers who teachers and administrators feared were destined for a life of crime. Finally, the essay illustrates the reactions of interest groups to the school's tracking program, in order to show that members of and advocates for this underclass did not all passively accept the school's treatment of these pupils.

scholarly journals COMFORT AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC SQUARES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF CRATO-CE

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Rudá Peixoto Teles ◽  
Maria Lucineide Gomes da Silva ◽  
Rosemary de Matos Cordeiro
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quality Of Urban Life ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Development And Environment

The urbanization process of the majority of the Brazilian cities has occurred without appropriate planning that would consider the importance of environmental components. Nevertheless, it is widely known that the quality of urban life depends on a variety of factors, such as infrastructure, socioeconomic development and environment related aspects. With regard to these last factors, public green areas are essential for the maintenance of public welfare and, among these places, the public squares function as social interactive and leisure options for citizens. Due to their beauty, the squares contribute to urban ornamentation and usually host civic or religious events. Thereby, this study aimed to characterization the social and environmental role played by the public squares in the municipality of Crato-CE.  As a methodological approach, bibliographic researches, as well as, the application of 50 questionnaires have provided the necessary information. The results suggest that there is a diversification of the squares frequenters at different times of the day, in addition to a variety of reasons that influence people to stay at or pass by these places. It was perceived that being at squares stimulates positive feelings, as the feeling of happiness described by 46% of the interviewers, freedom experienced by 30% and contact with nature by 15%.  Therefore, it is undoubtedly possible to emphasize the importance of public squares for the municipality and the wellbeing of its citizens.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF THE DISCURSIVE FIELD OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL AND CIVIL DIALOGUE FOR PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 306-312
Author(s):  
Iryna Vіtalіivna Chaplay
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
State Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Decision ◽  
Discursive Field

The article features the behavior of participants in social and civil dialogue. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the main tools for the formation of the social and civilian potential of state development. The central role in shaping this process was played by the state authorities, providing the necessary communication tools of communication, which take place in all direc- tions of public administration. These tools are both formal and informal. It has been determined that these lower units in the multilayer system of com- munication support of state administration may not have sufficient powers to make a complex decision in their area of competence. This may reduce their own initiative and, in a broader sense, the habit of comfort, routine and the lack of an innovative communication process. On the contrary, a properly organized social and civil dialogue is developing on the basis of stimulating its self-organization and self-improvement.It is substantiated that the main functions of establishing a social and civ- il dialogue for state development are the coordination and coordination of the main tasks of information exchange and the formation of an atmosphere of mu- tual support and trust. The trustworthy nature of the social and civic provision of public administration is a prerequisite for a communication process through which information for a public decision is passed from one participant to another organization. This very form of social and civil dialogue has the potential to be an integrated means for uniting often conflicting participants in the communication process to ensure that common and acceptable solutions are adopted for both parties. The main problem of the formation of the socio-civilian potential of state development is due to the fact that not all information related to decision-making is in the hands of the subject of decision-making. That is why the necessary part of the democratic form of government is the establishment of meaningful com- munication tools of state authorities and the public.

scholarly journals ALGORITHM FOR PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY UNDER UNCERTAINTY

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
O.A. Tuhai ◽  
◽  
T.V. Vlasenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

Abstract. The construction industry is exposed to high risks, which cannot be ignored in case of large investments. The choice of a reliable investment and construction project is important for the success of the investor. A reliable choice of investment and construction project requires taking into account many uncertainties for decision-making. The investor has to be aware of the risks related to the implementation of investment and construction projects, as well as the level of involvement of all the uncertainties in the overall risk of investing in a particular project. These factors may be related to the economic environment, the public policy, mood of the social environment, the market, etc. Accordingly, factor-based decision-making is a vital process that should be considered when alternative investment and construction projects are being assessed. As the construction industry is characterized by long investment cycles, it is a dynamic, complex system with uncertain, incomplete data, as a consequence of a fundamental practical problem when applying investment-selection models construction projects are to determine the distribution of uncertainties to calculate the reliability of the projects. More recently, most approaches to pre-selection investment and construction projects have been presented using linguistic estimates instead of numerical values. This article presents a multi-criteria decision-making methodology for analysis and selection of the most reliable investment and construction project under the conditions of risk and uncertainty. This approach is based on the theory of fuzzy sets, which has the advantage of using linguistic estimates and precise for qualitative and quantitative assessments respectively.

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