scholarly journals Getting energy balance right in an obesogenic world

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bernadette Moore ◽  
Christine Boesch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

Currently the world is facing an incredibly costly epidemic of obesity. Almost two-thirds of UK adults are either overweight or obese with estimated financial costs to the UK economy alone of £27 billion per year. While fundamentally obesity is a disorder of energy balance, several decades of research has demonstrated that maintaining energy balance is much more complex than the ‘energy in equals energy out’ equation that was once touted. The purpose of the 2018 Nutrition Society Summer Conference, ‘Getting energy balance right’ was to provide insight into the numerous factors influencing energy balance, considering varying needs across the lifespan, while highlighting advances and gaps in knowledge. Papers presented in this issue illustrate the wide range of factors involved in maintaining energy balance, including: epigenetics, the gut microbiome, physical activity and dietary factors including sugar. Given the complexity of energy balance, systems approaches were highlighted as useful for both understanding metabolism and pathophysiology, and for understanding how public health interventions to treat and prevent obesity should be implemented. The meeting concluded that numerous stakeholders, from individuals, to schools, industry and government, have roles to play in fostering a positive food environment that facilitates the maintenance of energy balance throughout the lifespan.

scholarly journals Leveraging Rich Data and Machine Learning to Facilitate Policy Making on Public Health Interventions in Fighting to Contain the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Short Article ◽  
The World ◽  
Rich Data

<p>This is a short article, focusing on promoting more study on SEIR modeling by leveraging rich data and machine learning. We believe that this is extremely critical as many regions at the country or state/provincial levels have been struggling with their public health intervention policies on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Some recent published papers on mitigation measures show promising SEIR modeling results, which could shred the light for other policymakers at different community levels. We present our perspective on this research direction. Hopefully, we can stimulate more studies and help the world win this “war” against the invisible enemy “coronavirus” sooner rather than later. </p>

The Biggest Computer Programme in the World…Ever!’: Time for a Change in Mindset?

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Clegg ◽  
Craig Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Computer Programme ◽  
National Programme ◽  
Technology Project ◽  
Business Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Change Projects ◽  
The Uk

In this paper we offer a critique of The National Programme for Information Technology’ (NPfIT) currently being undertaken in the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. We begin by offering a brief introduction to the project. Next, we review the lessons learned from a wide range of experience with IT and business change projects and comment on why changes in the NHS are likely to be harder than in most other organizations. We then elaborate the implications of these ideas and identify potential areas for change, with particular focus on the current guiding mindset that this project is about the provision of a technical infrastructure. We argue that this is, thus far, a technology project and question whether the current strategy is the most appropriate way forward to achieve service improvements. We suggest changes in the underlying mindset, along with the leadership, ownership, metrics and labelling of the project.

scholarly journals Studying Attitudes to Work Worldwide, 1500–1650: Concepts, Sources, and Problems of Interpretation

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (S19) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
New Work ◽  
Work Ethics ◽  
Work Attitude ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Different Parts

SummaryThe period 1500–1650 was characterized by huge global transformations. These had a major impact on a wide range of societal forms and cultures. As a result, different work ethics clashed and formed hybrid combinations, and new work ethics came into being during many-sided confrontations. The question of how the labouring poor in different parts of the world experienced these changes in the context of their work is an extremely difficult one. The present essay attempts to define a number of key concepts (“work”, “attitude”); it evaluates critically the various sources which might give us an insight into attitudes to work; and it reflects on interpretative difficulties. The essay concludes by presenting a few substantive hypotheses.

scholarly journals Early evidence that social distancing and public health interventions flatten the COVID-19 curve in Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Rotondi ◽  
Liliana Andriano ◽  
Jennifer Beam Dowd ◽  
Melinda C. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Early Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Policy Measures

With the world experiencing one of the largest pandemics in one-hundred years, governments and policymakers are looking for scientific evidence to introduce rapid and effective policies. Here we provide evidence from two provinces in Italy with comparable early infection rates but different timing of mitigating policy measures. Lodi prohibited movement on February 23, 2020 and Bergamo 2 weeks later on March 8, before the entire lockdown of Italy on March 11. This comparison provides early evidence that rapid restriction of movement and social distancing measures may slow the transmission of the virus and “flatten the curve”, ultimately reducing pressure on health care systems

scholarly journals Is there the potential for an epidemic of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease via blood transfusion in the UK?

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Clarke ◽  
Robert G Will ◽  
Azra C Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Modelling Assumptions ◽  
The Uk

The discovery of three individuals suspected to have contracted variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) through blood transfusions has heightened concerns that a secondary epidemic via human-to-human transmission could occur in the UK. The Department of Health responded immediately to this threat by banning those who had received blood transfusions since 1980 from donating blood. In this paper, we conduct a sensitivity analysis to explore the potential size of a blood-borne vCJD epidemic and investigate the effectiveness of public health interventions. A mathematical model was developed together with an expression for the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ). The sensitivity of model predictions to unknown parameters determining the transmission of vCJD via infected blood was assessed under pessimistic modelling assumptions. We found that the size of the epidemic (up until 2080) was bounded above by 900 cases, with self-sustaining epidemics ( R 0 >1) also possible; but the scenarios under which such epidemics could arise were found to be biologically implausible. Under optimistic assumptions, public health interventions reduced the upper bound to 250 and further still when only biologically plausible scenarios were considered. Our results support the belief that scenarios leading to large or self-sustaining epidemics are possible but unlikely, and that public health interventions were effective.

scholarly journals Leveraging Rich Data and Machine Learning to Facilitate Policy Making on Public Health Interventions in Fighting to Contain the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Short Article ◽  
The World ◽  
Rich Data

<p>This is a short article, focusing on promoting more study on SEIR modeling by leveraging rich data and machine learning. We believe that this is extremely critical as many regions at the country or state/provincial levels have been struggling with their public health intervention policies on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Some recent published papers on mitigation measures show promising SEIR modeling results, which could shred the light for other policymakers at different community levels. We present our perspective on this research direction. Hopefully, we can stimulate more studies and help the world win this “war” against the invisible enemy “coronavirus” sooner rather than later. </p>

scholarly journals Differing impacts of global and regional responses on SARS-CoV-2 transmission cluster dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Rife Magalis ◽  
Andrea Ramirez-Mata ◽  
Anna Zhukova ◽  
Carla Mavian ◽  
Simone Marini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Although the global response to COVID-19 has not been entirely unified, the opportunity arises to assess the impact of regional public health interventions and to classify strategies according to their outcome. Analysis of genetic sequence data gathered over the course of the pandemic allows us to link the dynamics associated with networks of connected individuals with specific interventions. In this study, clusters of transmission were inferred from a phylogenetic tree representing the relationships of patient sequences sampled from December 30, 2019 to April 17, 2020. Metadata comprising sampling time and location were used to define the global behavior of transmission over this earlier sampling period, but also the involvement of individual regions in transmission cluster dynamics. Results demonstrate a positive impact of international travel restrictions and nationwide lockdowns on global cluster dynamics. However, residual, localized clusters displayed a wide range of estimated initial secondary infection rates, for which uniform public health interventions are unlikely to have sustainable effects. Our findings highlight the presence of so-called “super-spreaders”, with the propensity to infect a larger-than-average number of people, in countries, such as the USA, for which additional mitigation efforts targeting events surrounding this type of spread are urgently needed to curb further dissemination of SARS-CoV-2.

The role of the World Bank and WHO Model Disability Survey in public health

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-264
Author(s):  
Carla Sabariego
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: The Model Disability Survey (MDS) is the tool recommended by the world health organization (WHO) to collect data on disability at the population level. It consciously promotes a narrative of inclusion, as disability is understood as a continuum, ranging from low to high levels. Public health currently faces the challenge of responding to demographic and health shifts leading to an increase in disability in the population. The MDS provides the information needed to meet these challenges and develop targeted public health interventions.

Strategies and structures for public health interventions

2021 ◽  
pp. 659-684
Author(s):  
Sian Griffiths ◽  
Kevin A. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Workforce ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter describes strategies for public health intervention and structures that support them. It uses examples of strategies in different parts of the world and at different levels—global, national, local, and individual—to illustrate various strategic approaches. The key elements of strategy are those of vision, mission, values, aims, plans, and their implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The examples chosen provide descriptions of how these are articulated and also how interventions are made towards their achievement of better public health. The importance of the way health services are structured, the public health workforce, and underpinning research and use of evidence are emphasized.

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