scholarly journals Leopard Panthera pardus density and survival in an ecosystem with depressed abundance of prey and dominant competitors

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Milan A. Vinks ◽  
Scott Creel ◽  
Elias Rosenblatt ◽  
Matthew S. Becker ◽  
Paul Schuette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Panthera Pardus ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Game Management ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
North Central ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Prey Depletion

Abstract The leopard Panthera pardus is in range-wide decline, and many populations are highly threatened. Prey depletion is a major cause of global carnivore declines, but the response of leopard survival and density to this threat is unclear: by reducing the density of a dominant competitor (the lion Panthera leo) prey depletion could create both costs and benefits for subordinate competitors. We used capture–recapture models fitted to data from a 7-year camera-trap study in Kafue National Park, Zambia, to obtain baseline estimates of leopard population density and sex-specific apparent survival rates. Kafue is affected by prey depletion, and densities of large herbivores preferred by lions have declined more than the densities of smaller herbivores preferred by leopards. Lion density is consequently low. Estimates of leopard density were comparable to ecosystems with more intensive protection and favourable prey densities. However, our study site is located in an area with good ecological conditions and high levels of protection relative to other portions of the ecosystem, so extrapolating our estimates across the Park or into adjacent Game Management Areas would not be valid. Our results show that leopard density and survival within north-central Kafue remain good despite prey depletion, perhaps because (1) prey depletion has had weaker effects on preferred leopard prey compared to larger prey preferred by lions, and (2) the density of dominant competitors is consequently low. Our results show that the effects of prey depletion can be more complex than uniform decline of all large carnivore species, and warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Survival of Band-Tailed Manakins

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Pearce-Higgins ◽  
Robin C. Brace ◽  
Jon Hornbuckle
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
Initial Capture

Abstract Abstract We modeled annual apparent survival of Band-tailed Manakins (Pipra fasciicauda) inhabiting a contiguous forest site and a 10.9 ha forest fragment in lowland Bolivia based on six years of capture-recapture data. There was significant age-related variation in apparent survival, but adult survival rates did not differ significantly with sex. Apparent survival rates of immature birds differed between the two locations, while adult survival rates did not. The most parsimonious model therefore estimated annual survival at 10% for immature birds in the contiguous forest site, 53% for immature birds in the forest fragment, 46% for adults in the first year after initial capture and 68% for adults in subsequent years. Forest fragmentation may have reduced immature dispersal, leading to inflated apparent survival rates in the forest fragment.

scholarly journals Size-specific apparent survival rate estimates of white sharks using mark–recapture models

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2027-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Kanive ◽  
Jay J. Rotella ◽  
Salvador J. Jorgensen ◽  
Taylor K. Chapple ◽  
James E. Hines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Carcharodon Carcharias ◽  
Marine Predator ◽  
Sex Assignment ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Potential Challenge

For species that exist at low abundance or are otherwise difficult to study, it is challenging to estimate vital rates such as survival and fecundity and common to assume that survival rates are constant across ages and sexes. Population assessments based on overly simplistic vital rates can lead to erroneous conclusions. We estimated sex- and length-based annual apparent survival rates for white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). We found evidence that annual apparent survival differed over ontogeny in a system with competitive foraging aggregations, from 0.63 (standard error (SE) = 0.08) for newly recruiting subadults to 0.95 (SE = 0.02) for the largest sharks. Our results reveal a potential challenge to ontogenetic recruitment in a long-lived, highly mobile top marine predator, as survival rates for subadult white sharks may be lower than previously assumed. Alternatively, younger and competitively inferior individuals may be forced to permanently emigrate from primary foraging sites. This study provides new methodology for estimating apparent survival as a function of diverse covariates by capture–recapture study, including when sex assignment is uncertain.

Mark-recapture estimates of the survival and recapture rates of Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera cerambycidae) in a cork oak dehesa in Huelva (Spain)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria López-Pantoja ◽  
Luis Nevado ◽  
Israel Sánchez-Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Doñana National Park ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Cerambyx Welensii

AbstractThe oak decline is probably the most severe plant health problem faced in the Mediterranean region which is one of the habitats of community interest under the EU’s environmental legal regime. More information on the role of Cerambycids species in this decay is still needed. This paper reports the apparent survival rate (Phi) and recapture rate (P) for a population of Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera cerambycidae) in a highly degraded cork oak grove near the Doñana National Park (Huelva, Spain) as calculated using the mark-capture-recapture method. High and constants in the time values of apparent survival rates for males and females are detected. The male overall recapture rate (P) exceeded that of the female group with relatively low, but significant, values. The presence of transient individuals suggests a nucleus of population with many immigrants and emigrants in the study plot. The results are used to discuss various aspects of the insect biology, and the potential effect of the gradual deterioration of the studied ecosystem on theinsect population it supports.

Rodent population density and survival respond to disturbance induced by timber harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L Nelson ◽  
Kenneth F Kellner ◽  
Robert K Swihart
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Mark Release Recapture ◽  
Matrix Habitat ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Resource Diversity

Abstract Many small mammal populations respond quickly to timber harvest aimed at oak (Quercus) regeneration, which alters microhabitat. We used mark-release–recapture data collected 6–8 years postharvest from the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment in southern Indiana, United States, to model density and apparent survival of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) as a function of timber harvest treatments (shelterwood, clearcut, patch cut, and unharvested control). Density, estimated using spatial capture–recapture, increased for chipmunks in all types of harvest openings, but survival was unaffected by harvest. Chipmunk densities in unharvested forest matrix habitat averaged 58% and 71% lower relative to harvest openings and opening edges, respectively. White-footed mouse density was less responsive to timber harvest, but monthly survival rates were reduced by 13% in shelterwoods and 17% in patch cuts relative to control sites. Both rodent species tended to exhibit distance-dependent responses, with higher density of home-range centers near harvest boundaries relative to forest matrix. Structural complexity created at the edges of timber harvest openings can benefit rodents associated with edge habitat 6–8 years after harvest, presumably due to improved foraging efficiency and resource diversity. Cascading effects of rodent demographic responses are likely to affect predation and seed dispersal, which are critical trophic interactions in oak forest ecosystems.

scholarly journals Apparent Survival Rates of Western Sandpiper (Calidris Mauri) Wintering in Northwest Baja California, Mexico

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Fernández ◽  
Horacio de la Cueva ◽  
Nils Warnock ◽  
David B. Lank
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Calidris Mauri ◽  
Local Survival ◽  
Western Sandpiper ◽  
Western Sandpipers ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Effect Of Age

AbstractTo estimate annual apparent local survival, we collected capture–resighting data on 256 individually marked male Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) wintering at Estero de Punta Banda, Mexico, between 1994–1997. A hierarchical modeling approach was used to address the effect of age class and year on survivorship rates. The best-fit model included a constant apparent survival probability (ϕ = 0.489; 95% CI = 0.410–0.569), but several models fit nearly as well, and averaging among the top five, to account for model uncertainty, suggested that adults had somewhat higher values than juveniles (ϕ = 0.490 ± 0.051 vs. 0.450 ± 0.067). Detection probability was substantially higher for adults than for juveniles (p = 0.741 vs. p = 0.537). Those apparent survival estimates are low compared with those from other studies of Western Sandpipers at breeding and other nonbreeding locations, and substantially lower than the true survivorship rates expected for small sandpipers in general. We interpret these results as indicating that this site is of below average quality for nonbreeding male Western Sandpipers.

scholarly journals New Geometric Morphometric Insights in Digital Taphonomy: Analyses into the Sexual Dimorphism of Felids through Their Tooth Pits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 7848
Author(s):  
Darío Herranz-Rodrigo ◽  
Silvia J. Tardáguila-Giacomozzi ◽  
Lloyd A. Courtenay ◽  
Juan-José Rodríguez-Alba ◽  
Antonio Garrucho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Applied Statistics ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Panthera Pardus ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Felid Species

Recent studies using geometric morphometrics for taphonomy have yielded interesting results, opening new horizons of research in both archaeological and paleontological sites. Here we present the analysis of tooth pits left by male and female individuals of two different carnivore species (Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus) in order to see if sexual dimorphism influences the morphology of tooth pit marks. In the process, 3D-scanning and applied statistics were used. Based on samples derived from two individuals of different sexes, the present results indicate sexual dimorphism in these felid species to not be a conditioning factor of tooth pit morphology.

scholarly journals Long-Term Study of Apparent Survival in Pacific Golden-Plovers at a Wintering Ground on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands

The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar W. Johnson ◽  
Phillip L. Bruner ◽  
Jay J. Rotella ◽  
Patricia M. Johnson ◽  
Andrea E. Bruner
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
Territorial Status ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Wintering Ground

Abstract We monitored the apparent survival of territorial and nonterritorial Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis fulva) for 20 consecutive nonbreeding seasons at a wintering ground within Bellows Air Force Station (BAFS) on the eastern shore of Oahu, Hawaii. Territorial birds were especially site-faithful from season to season, and each surviving individual reoccupied the same territory held in previous seasons. On average, territorial birds were resighted for about twice as many postbanding seasons (4.2) as nonterritorial birds (1.8). Open-population modeling indicated that apparent survival varied by age and territorial status. Our most parsimonious model estimated apparent annual survival rates in territorial plovers as 0.90 for young birds (age determined from retained juvenal primaries) from their first through their second wintering season, and 0.80 for adults over numerous seasons. For nonterritorial plovers, the corresponding values were 0.82 and 0.67, respectively. Despite lower apparent survival in nonterritorial plovers, it remains uncertain whether nonterritoriality actually results in shorter life spans. Some surviving nonterritorial birds may have gone undetected (detection probability of 0.70) because of permanent emigration from the study area. Given strong site-fidelity of territorial birds and the relative certainty of detecting them (probability = 1.0), we regarded the disappearance of a plover from its territory as an indicator of mortality. From last-recorded sightings, we concluded that territorial birds died with about equal frequency during the nonbreeding and breeding seasons. Because the latter is of much shorter duration, time-relative hazards were greatest while birds were away from the wintering grounds. Winter mortality was caused by accidents (collisions with overhead wires and other obstructions), and probable predation by owls. We estimated mean additional life expectancy among territorial plovers at 5.1 years for first-year birds, and 4.5 years for unknown-age adults. The oldest known-age individual was a male that lived 13 years 10 months; in adults of uncertain ages, one male survived to a minimum age of 18 years 10 months, and two females to at least 17 years 10 months. Pacific Golden-Plovers wintering at BAFS, especially territorial birds, demonstrated relatively high rates of apparent survival combined with adaptability for coexistence with humans in an urban environment.

scholarly journals Abundance, survival and temporary emigration of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) off Useless Loop in the western gulf of Shark Bay, Western Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Nicholson ◽  
Lars Bejder ◽  
Simon J. Allen ◽  
Michael Krützen ◽  
Kenneth H. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Apparent Survival ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
Temporary Emigration ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Capture Recapture

Capture–recapture models were used to provide estimates of abundance, apparent survival and temporary emigration of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in a 226-km2 study area off Useless Loop in the western gulf of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Photo-identification data were collected during boat-based surveys in Austral autumn to early spring (April–September) from 2007 to 2011. Abundance estimates varied from 115 (s.e. 5.2, 95% CI 105–126) individuals in 2008 to 208 (s.e. 17.3, 95% CI 177–245) individuals in 2010. The variability in abundance estimates is likely to be a reflection of how individuals used the study area, rather than fluctuations in true population size. The best fitting capture–recapture model suggested a random temporary emigration pattern and, when coupled with relatively high temporary emigration rates (0.33 (s.e. 0.07) – 0.66 (s.e. 0.05)) indicated that the study area did not cover the entire ranges of the photo-identified dolphins. Apparent survival rate is a product of true survival and permanent emigration and was estimated annually at 0.95 (s.e. 0.02). Since permanent emigration from the study area is unlikely, true survival was estimated to be close to 0.95. This study provides a robust baseline for future comparisons of dolphin demographics, which may be of importance should climate change or increasing anthropogenic activity affect this population.

scholarly journals An adaptable but threatened big cat: density, diet and prey selection of the Indochinese leopard ( Panthera pardus delacouri ) in eastern Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Rostro-García ◽  
Jan F. Kamler ◽  
Rachel Crouthers ◽  
Keo Sopheak ◽  
Sovanna Prum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Selection ◽  
Panthera Pardus ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Main Prey ◽  
Bos Javanicus ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Predation Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Wild Pig

We studied the Indochinese leopard ( Panthera pardus delacouri ) in eastern Cambodia, in one of the few potentially remaining viable populations in Southeast Asia. The aims were to determine the: (i) current leopard density in Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) and (ii) diet, prey selection and predation impact of leopard in SWS. The density, estimated using spatially explicit capture–recapture models, was 1.0 leopard/100 km 2 , 72% lower than an estimate from 2009 at the same site, and one of the lowest densities ever reported in Asia. Dietary analysis of 73 DNA confirmed scats showed leopard consumed 13 prey species, although ungulates comprised 87% of the biomass consumed (BC). The overall main prey (42% BC) was banteng ( Bos javanicus ), making this the only known leopard population whose main prey had adult weight greater than 500 kg. Consumption of wild pig ( Sus scrofa ) was also one of the highest ever reported (22% BC), indicating leopard consistently predated on ungulates with some of the largest adult weights in SWS. There were important differences in diet and prey selection between sexes, as males consumed mostly banteng (62% BC) in proportion to availability, but few muntjac ( Muntiacus vaginalis ; 7% BC), whereas females selectively consumed muntjac (56% BC) and avoided banteng (less than 1% BC). Predation impact was low (0.5–3.2% of populations) for the three ungulate species consumed. We conclude that the Indochinese leopard is an important apex predator in SWS, but this unique population is declining at an alarming rate and will soon be eradicated unless effective protection is provided.

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