Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina swynnertoniandG. pallidipesin Ikoma, Musoma District, Tanzania

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Moloo ◽  
R. F. Steiger ◽  
R. Brun
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Animal Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Type Infection

In a survey of animal trypanosomiasis in Musoma District, carried out in October and November 1970, 6344G. swynnertoniwere collected from six different localities of the Ikoma-Serengeti area and 623G. pallidipesfrom Ikoma. These were dissected and examined for trypanosome infections. The mean infection rates ofvivax-type inG. swynnertoniandG. pallidipeswere 12.6% and 7.5%, respectively. Thecongolensegroup infection rates were 2.0% inG. swynnertoniand 1.8% inG. pallidipes. No salivary gland infection was encountered. The incidence of vivax- and congolense-type infections in general increased with age of both the tsetse species, suggesting that the latter can become infected with these trypanosome types at all ages. The infection rate among female tsetse was higher than among males in the six wing-fray categories. This was due to the slower rate of fraying of the wings with age of the former, so that at each wing-fray category the females were generally older than the males.Vivax-type greatly exceededcongolense-type infection rate in bothG. swynnertoniandG. pallidipes. It is suggested that this probably reflects the known greater infectivity of the former group of trypanosomes toGlossina. It is concluded that in Ikoma, where game functions as the reservoir of animal trypanosomiasis and where infected tsetse are abundant, the domestic animals are exposed to a continuous trypanosome challenge.

Observational study of bone-anchored hearing aid infection rates using different post-operative dressings

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Doshi ◽  
Y Karagama ◽  
D Buckley ◽  
I Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
Bone Anchored Hearing Aid ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Avoidance of infection at the implant site is a crucial element to the success of bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) implantation. However, little evidence exists to suggest the best post-operative wound dressing to use.Material and methods: We report our experience with 160 consecutive BAHA patients, using four types of post-operative BAHA wound dressing (Tri-adcortyl®, Mepitel®, Allevyn®, and Acticoat 7® with Allevyn). Patients were reviewed at week one and week two post-operatively. Infection was defined as a positive wound swab culture or evidence of cellulitis at the BAHA site.Results: Post-operative BAHA infection rates were 16 per cent, 50 per cent, 10 per cent and 5 per cent, for each of the four dressings respectively, and the mean number of additional visits to wound care clinic were 1.5, 3.7, one and 0.4, respectively.Discussion: Acticoat 7 with Allevyn produced the lowest infection rate and thus became the dressing of choice for our BAHA programme.

Device-Associated Nosocomial Infection Rates in Turkish Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Units

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilara Inan ◽  
Rabin Saba ◽  
Ata Nevzat Yalcin ◽  
Murat Yilmaz ◽  
Gozde Ongut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Device Associated Infection

Objective.To describe the incidence of device-associated nosocomial infections in medical-surgical intensive care units (MS ICUs) in a university hospital in Turkey and compare it with National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system rates.Design.Prospective surveillance study during a period of 27 months. Device utilization ratios and device-associated infection rates were calculated using US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and NNIS definitions.Setting.Two separate MS ICUs at Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.Patients.All patients were included who presented with no signs and symptoms of infection within the first 48 hours after admission.Results.Data on 1,985 patients with a total of 16,892 patient-days were analyzed. The mean overall infection rate per 100 patients was 29.1 infections, and the mean infection rate per 1,000 patient-days was 34.2 infections. The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 20.76 infections per 1,000 ventilator-days, the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection was 13.63 infections per 1,000 urinary catheter–days, and the rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infection was 9.69 infections per 1,000 central line–days. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas species among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonias (35.8% of cases), Candida species among patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (37.1% of cases), and coagulase-negative staphylococci among patients with catheter-associated bloodstream infections (20.0% of cases).Conclusion.We found both higher device-associated infection rates and higher device utilization ratios in our MS ICUs than those reported by the NNIS system. To reduce the rate of infection, implementation of infection control practices and comprehensive education are required, and an appropriate nationwide nosocomial infection and control system is needed in Turkey.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidiosis In Man And Animals In Al-Tameem Province/ Iraq.

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-243
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul-Aziz Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Animal Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Infants And Young Children ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

This study was conducted on 790 stool samples from infants and young children up to ten years of age, suffering from acute diarrhea who attended Kirkuk Pediatric Hospital, from the beginning of August 1999 of July 2000. The animal study was carried on 160 lambs, 130 calves and 110 kids suffering from diarrhea in private veterinary clinics in Al-Tameem province.  The rate of acute cryptosporidiosis was (10%). There was no significant difference between the two sexes . It was higher in winter and spring than summer and autumn months .  The infection rate was higher among children in contact with poultry than those in contact with cattle and sheep and was lowest among those not in contacts with animals.  The distribution of cryptosporidiosis among domestic animals was as follows: in lambs, calves and kids the infection rates were 20%, 19.2% and 23.6% respectively.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of   Northwestern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with neither age group (χ2 = 5.001, df=2, 0.082), sex of the fly (χ2 = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753), district of origin (χ2= 0.629, df = 1, p = 0.428) nor village (χ2= 9.252, df = 9, p = 0.414). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found an infection rate of 10.78 %, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent Density, Trypanosome Infection Rates and Host Preference of Tsetse Flies in the Sleeping Sickness Endemic Focus of North-Western Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species, with infection rate significantly associated with age group (χ2 = 29.733, df = 2, p < 0.05) but not with sex (χ2 = 0.43, df = 1, p = 0.835) and district of origin (χ2 = 1.374, df = 1, p = 0.241). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (62.1%), T. congolense (24.14 %), and T. brucei and T. simiae each at 6.89%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found a moderately high infection rate at 10.78%, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more validation using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of Northwestern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with age group (χ2 = 5.001, df=2, p = 0.082), sex of the fly (χ2 = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753), district of origin (χ2= 0.629, df = 1, p = 0.428) and village of origin (χ2= 9.252, df = 9, p = 0.414). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found an infection rate of 10.78 %, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Aedes fluviatilis

1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana V. Tasón de Camargo ◽  
Rotfaut A. G. B. Cônsoli ◽  
Paul Williams ◽  
Antoniana U. Krettli
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Plasmodium Gallinaceum ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Aedes Fluviatilis ◽  
Potential Health Hazard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mosquito Infection

Aedes fluviatilis is susceptible to infection by Plasmodium gallinaceum and is a convenient insect host for the malaria parasite in countries where Aedees aegypti cannot be maintained in laboratories. In South America, for instance, the rearing of A. aegypti the main vector of urban yellow fever, is not advaisable because of the potential health hazard it represents. Our results of the comparative studies carried out between the sporogonic cycle produced with two lines of P. gallinaceum parasites into A. fuviatilis were as follows. As proved for A. aegypti, mosquito infection rates were variable when A. fluviatilis blood-fed on chicks infected with and old syringe-passaged strain of P. gallinaceum. Oocysts developed in 41% of those mosquitos and the mean peak of oocyst production was 56 per stomach. Salivary gland infections developed in about 6% of the mosquitos. The course of sporogony was unrelated to the size of the inoculum administered to chicks or to the route by which the birds were infected. The development of infected salivary glands was unrelated to oocyst production. Sporogony of P. gallinaceum was more uniform when mosquitos blood-fed on chicks infected with a sporozoite-passaged strain. Oocysts developed in about 50% of those mosquitoes and the mean peak of oocyst production was 138 per stomach, with some individuals having as many as 600-800 oocysts. Infected salivary glands developed in a mean of 27% of the mosquitos but, in some batches, was a high as 50%. Patterns of salivary gland parasitism were similar to those of oocyst production. The course of sporogony of P. gallinaceum in A. fluviatilis is analized in relation to degree of parasitemia and gametocytemia in the vertebrate host.

Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Significant Difference

Previous records and new data on trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria are presented, and discussed in relation to the hosts fed on by this tsetse fly. The new observations were carried out in three areas: at Mando and Gamagira, both lying in a fly-belt north of Kaduna, and in the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi Province.Infection rates were obtained by dissection of flies, and the trypanosomes were identified by their locus; the validity of this method of identification is discussed. All infections withTrypanosomaspp. were attributable either to thevivaxgroup or to theconrgolensegroup; nobrucen-group trypanosomes were identified. More than 260 flies from each area were examined during March 1962, at the end of the dry season, and similar numbers during October 1962, at the end of the wet season.There was no significant difference between dry-season and wet-season infection rates in any area. Taking the two seasons together, the rate at Yankari (12%) was significantly higher than the rates at Mando (5%) and Gamagira (3%), which did not differ significantly. These contrasting infection rates could be related to the host species principally fed on by flies in the different areas as shown by blood-meal determinations. The lowest infection rates occurred where Suidae furnished a high proportion of meals (Mando, 51%; Gamagira, 67%) and Bovidae a small proportion (Mando, 16%; Gamagira, 9%). The high infection rate at Yankari was associated with a high proportion of Bovid meals (53%), especially from buffalo (Syncerus nanus) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and a lower proportion of Suid meals (33%). For the three areas the relationship between infection rate and percentage of Bovid meals was statistically significant.The species groups of infecting trypanosomes showed further contrasts between the three areas which were unrelated to the total infection rates. At Gamagira, 81 per cent, of infections werecongolensegroup, and this proportion was significantly higher than that at Mando (45%) or Yankari (37%). The differences could be related to the types of host from which blood-meals were principally derived. The highest proportion ofcongolense-group infections occurred where the highest percentage of meals came from Suidae (Gamagira, 67%), and lower proportions occurred at Mando and Yankari where Suid feeds were relatively fewer (51% and 33%, respectively).These findings are discussed in the light of existing evidence on the factors governing infection rates inGlossina. It is concluded that, within the over-riding influence exerted by temperature through geographical latitude, infection rates are determined by the type of host that forms the principal source of food. In some populations of Glossina the influence of the nature of the main food source can be sufficient to obscure the general effect of temperature in determining the level of infection. Some of the reasons for these relationships are discussed.

scholarly journals Trypanosome Infection Rate in Glossina tachinoides: Infested Rivers of Limmu Kosa District Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behablom Meharenet ◽  
Dereje Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Glossina Tachinoides ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Western Ethiopia ◽  
Trypanosome Infection Rate

Abstract Objective: Trypanosomosis is a disease of domestic animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted primarily by tsetse flies and other hematophagous flies. The study was conducted to estimate the infection rate of trypanosome in vector flies and involved parasite species. Result: The study result indicated that there was only one species of Tsetse fly Glossinatachinoides detected with high Flay/Trap/Day = 4.45. Total of n=284 tsetse flies were dissected and n= 5 positive for Glossinatachinoidesresulting in 1.76% infection rate. Higher trypanosome infections were observed in female tsetse with significant infection rate of 1.41%, n=4 and 0.35%, n=1 in males. Furthermore, 1.06% of the trypanosome infections carried by Glossinatachinoides were classified as Trypanosomavivax and the remaining 0.70% was Trypanosomacongolense.The study confirmed the absence of human trypanosomosis in study area with only identified trypanosome parasites were Trypanosomavivax and Trypanosomacongolense. However, the resulted FTD= 4.45 recommend control and suppression of the vector and parasite is mandatory due to Pathogenic Animal Trypanosomosis.

scholarly journals TrypanosomaInfection Rates inGlossinaSpecies in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Daniel Mutiso Nthiwa ◽  
David O. Odongo ◽  
Horace Ochanda ◽  
Samoel Khamadi ◽  
Bernard M. Gichimu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Animal Trypanosomiasis

African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) transmitted cyclically by tsetse fly (Glossinaspp.) is a major obstacle to livestock production in the tropical parts of Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the infection rates of trypanosomes inGlossinaspecies in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. Tsetse fly species,G. longipennisandG. pallidipes, were trapped and DNA was isolated from their dissected internal organs (proboscis, salivary glands, and midguts). The DNA was then subjected to a nested PCR assay using internal transcribed spacer primers and individual trypanosome species were identified following agarose gel electrophoresis. Out of the 117 flies trapped in the area 39 (33.3%) were teneral while 78 (67%) were nonteneral.G. pallidipesconstituted the largest percentage of 58% whileG. longipenniswere 42%. The overall trypanosomes infection rate in all nonteneralGlossinaspp. was 11.53% withG. longipennisrecording the highest infection rate of 23.08% whileG. pallidipeshad an infection rate of 5.77%.T. vivaxwas the most infectious (10.26%) compared toT. congolense(1.28%). Mean apparent densities were strongly positively correlated with infection rates (r=0.95) confirming the importance of this parameter as an indicator of AAT transmission risk.

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