Locomotion of the cercaria of Parorchis acanthus, Nicoll and the ultrastructure of the tail

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parorchis Acanthus ◽  
Tail Tip ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Vesicular Secretion

The cercaria of Parorchis acanthus swims by a series of spasmodic ventral flexions of the body moving with the dorsal surface of the body foremost. The wave of contraction continues along the tail which therefore moves dorso-ventrally. Creeping movements precede cyst formation. The structure of the tail is admirably suited to swimming movements and to rapid shortening and lengthening. The wall is provided with circular and longitudinal muscles and abundant mitochondria. The centre of the tail contains fluid in which is a network of large myoblasts the processes of which overlap and probably slide over one another during the tail movements. Glands opening into the terminal tail invagination secrete an adhesive substance consisting of mucoprotein and glycoprotein which together with the vesicular secretion around the aperture enables the tail tip to attach itself to the substratum.I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr I. ap Gwynn of this department for invaluable help in the preparation of the electron-micrographs and Mr R. A. Moore and Mr M. C. Bibby for technical assistance.

The ultrastructure of the epidermis of the redia and cercaria of Parorchis acanthus, Nicoll. A study by scanning and transmission electron-microscopy

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parorchis Acanthus ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron-micrographs have shown the covering of microvilli on the surface of the redia of Parorchis acanthus. In the contracted state the elongated microvilli with bulbous extremities seen in the surface grooves may be the result of compression. The surface of the epidermis of the cercaria is smooth on a large area of the ventral surface and lattice-like with microvilli, laterally, anteriorly, dorsally and on the tail. The spines on the body can be withdrawn into sheaths by the contraction of muscle fibres inserted into the basement lamina below each spine.I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr I. ap Gwynn of this department for preparing the scanning electron-micrographs and the School of Engineering Science, University of North Wales, Bangor for the use of their stereoscan. I should also like to thank Mr M. C. Bibby for technical assistance and Professor E. G. Gray and Dr W. Sinclair for assistance with the transmission electron-micrographs.

The fine structure of the body wall of Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, 1782) (Acanthocephala)

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Crompton ◽  
D. L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

The body wall of Polymorphus minutus has been studied with the electron microscope and the structure of the various layers has been described.The layers are the same in number as those seen with the light microscope, and pores have been found which penetrate the cuticle. Thus, the structure of the surface layers is such as would facilitate the absorption of nutrients.It has been found that the cuticle and striped layer extend over the trunk spines, a feature which increases the area of the absorptive surface of the parasite.The structure of the striped layer of the praesoma supports the theory that the praesoma body wall and lemnisci are involved in the absorption of fat.Mitochondria have been detected in the felt and radial layers of the body wall and in the circular and longitudinal muscles.The body wall of this acanthocephalan worm is entirely different from the body wall of trematodes, cestodes and parasitic nematodes.We are grateful to Dr P. Tate for helpful discussions, Dr R. J. Skaer for criticism of the manuscript and to Professor J. D. Boyd for permission to use the electron microscope in the Department of Anatomy. Thanks are also due to Mr A. J. Page for technical assistance.

The cuticle of adultNippostrongylus brasiliensis

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Normal Appearance

The cuticle of adults ofNippostrongylus brasiliensishas been described using histological, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques.The cuticle has the following layers: an outer triple-layered membrane; a single cortical layer; a fluid-filled layer which is traversed by numerous collagen fibrils; struts which support the fourteen longitudinal ridges of the cuticle and which are suspended by collagen fibrils in the fluid-filled layer; two fibre layers, each layer apparently containing three layers of fibres; and a basement lamella.The fluid-filled layer contains haemoglobin and esterase.The muscles of the body wall are attached to either the basement lamella or to the fibre layers of the cuticle.The mitochondria of the hypodermis are of normal appearance.The longitudinal ridges of the cuticle appear to abrade the microvilli of the intestinal cells of the host.Possible functions of the cuticle are discussed.I wish to thank Dr P. Tate, in whose department this work was done, for helpful suggestions and criticism at all stages of this work, and Mr A. Page for technical assistance. I also wish to thank Professor Boyd for permission to use the electron microscope in the Department of Anatomy.

Myiasis in Bufo regularis caused by a Tabanid Larva

Parasitology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-112
Author(s):  
Edward Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Cylindrical Structure ◽  
The Right

In December, 1922, whilst dissecting a large female example of Bufo regularis, one of my students noticed a cylindrical structure extending along the ventral region of the body-cavity. A careful examination showed that this structure consisted of an elongated sac-like diverticulum of the right lung, containing an almost full-grown specimen of a dipterous larva, which could be seen through the membraneous wall of the diverticulum. The base of the latter, in addition to its point of origin from the lung, was also connected to the dorsal surface of the liver by strands of fibrous tissue, suggesting that the growth had been in existence some considerable time in order to cause such adhesions. Posteriorly, the diverticulum hung freely in the body cavity and extended to the extreme hinder end. Its dimensions were 5·5 cm. in length, by 0·5 cm. in diameter, but tapering towards each extremity.

Surface ultrastructure of juvenile and adult stages of Centrocestus armatus

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-Choon Woo ◽  
Myung-Deuk Seo ◽  
Sung-Jong Hong
Keyword(s):  
Oral Sucker ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Posterior Half ◽  
Surface Ultrastructure

AbstractCentrocestus armatus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) develops rapidly and produces eggs at 3 days postinfection in albino rats. Excysted metacercariae are pear-shaped and concave ventrally, with 42–44 peg-like circumoral spines. The entire body surface is densely covered with scale-like serrated spines. On juveniles, serration of the tegumental spines is greatest in the middle of the ventral and dorsal surfaces, and decreases anteriorly and posteriorly. Ciliated sensory papillae are concentrated around the oral sucker. Several nonciliated sensory papillae (type II papillae) occur equidistantly on the acetabulum and are arranged in a linear symmetry on the dorsal surface. On adults, the serration of the tegumental spines decreases to 14–17 tips on the ventrolateral surface. The high density of tegumental spines on posterior half of the body and the distribution of type II papillae on dorsal surface are considered to be characteristic of C. armatus.

Memoirs: Peristalsis in the Malpighian Tubules of Diptera, Preliminary Account: with a note on the Elimination of Calcium Carbonate from the Malpighian Tubules of Drosophila Funebris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (275) ◽  
pp. 385-398
Author(s):  
L. EASTHAM
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Adult Drosophila

1. The proximal regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosopbila funebris and Calliphora erythro cephala are supplied with systems of circular and longitudinal muscles external to the basement membrane. 2. These muscles are continuous with those of the mid-gut. 3. There is a terminal muscle to each anterior tubule in Drosophila funebris connected to the alar muscles of the pericardial septum. 4. Peristalsis has been observed in the proximal regions of the tubules, caused by the circular muscles. 5. The tubules exhibit a waving movement, probably due to the longitudinal muscle-bands of the lower or proximal ends of the tubules. 6. Calcium carbonate is stored in the terminal portions of the anterior tubules of Drosophila funebris. 7. This calcium carbonate is not eliminated at the beginning of metamorphosis, but is passed to the gut about the sixth day of pupal life, and is only expelled from the body on the emergence of the adult. 8. Calcium carbonate is found in the Malpighian tubules of the adult Drosophila funebris.

scholarly journals Kandidias Oral pada Penderita Anemia Defisiensi Besi (Fe) dan Penetalaksanaannya

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sri Budiarti Wongsohardjono
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Normal Limits

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a microcytic anemia caused by chronic blood loss dueto such problems as excessive menstrual flow, gastrointestinal bleeding, gasterektomi or malabsorption that reduces the absorption of Fe. Predisposing factors that lead to the disruption of the ecology of oral candidiasis or oral microbiological changes can be due to malnutrition (iron deficiency, folic acid, vitamin B12) and the very old age. Objective: To report a case of iron deficiency anemia with oral candidiasis and its management. Case Report: A 69-year man in the reference by peer demonstrated swollen gums, mouth pain and difficulty in swallowing. A moth ago he was hospitalized and boarded for a week but no change, his body weight loss was 25kg. paleconjunctiva and face, droliing, looked weak. The body temperature was 370 C; the BP measurement was: 125/80mmHg; with body weight was 50kg; right and left submandibular  lymph nodes become enlarging and soreness palpatiom. Symmetrical face. Right and left lip corners are angular kheilitis, cheek mucosa, palate hyperemia, gingival stipling was disappeared, hyperemia, dorsal surface smooth tongue, hyperemia, depapilasi, OHI: bad; thick saliva, hypersalivation. A lot of dental caries and the remaining roots. Management: Examination of the saliva with KOH solution looked a hyphe. Routine blood tests and profile of fe all within normal limits except RBC was 3,37.106 / uL; HGB: 11.0 g / dl; HCT: 32.2%, Fe 29.00 u g / dl (below normal). Treatment with 3% perhidrol mouthwash, Nyistatin solution 3 x daily. Zegase tablet 2x daily. Paracetamol tablets if necessary. Conclusion sixteen days later the patient recovered.

Pathology in Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia) due to Demodex sp.

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Nutting ◽  
Patricia Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Industrial Research Organization ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii ◽  
Demodex Sp

Pathological manifestations occasioned by mites of the genus Demodex are reported from Antechinus stuartii, a marsupial mouse. Derangements from single mite invasion of a hair follicle to massive nodule formation are detailed. In heavy infestations mites are found well distributed in the skin of the body with nodules limited, however, to the head, hind legs, around the base of the tail, the cloacal regions and, in females, just anterior to the pouch area.Mites invade the hair follicle, where increase in their numbers leads to hypertrophy of the follicular epithelium which forms marked lobules surrounded by heavily vascularized connective tissue. It is thought that destruction of the lobule cells and penetration of the blood vessels due to increased mite numbers and activity leads to leucocytic infiltration with destruction of the mites and nodule deflation. In two instances of nodule deterioration a thickened skin plaque with markedly reduced mite populations remained in place of the nodule.Gross symptoms of demodicidosis are occasionally marked in animals maintained in the laboratory but have not been found in specimens from the field. This suggests that environmental or dietary factors may be important in the onset of gross symptoms of demodicidosis.This investigation was supported in part by a National Science Foundation (U.S.A.) grant (G-23321) and by a Commonwealth Scientific and an Industrial Research Organization (Australia) grant for marsupial research to the Zoology Department, A.N.U.Dr Herman Beerman, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, very kindly read and criticized our interpretation of the pathology. We are grateful for his help.We would like to thank Margaret Dahlquist, Research Assistant, for her excellent technical assistance in the preparation of material for this report.

Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison C. Daley ◽  
Gregory D. Edgecombe
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Burgess Shale ◽  
Oral Cone ◽  
Stem Lineage ◽  
Posterior Body Region

Recent description of the oral cone of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) highlighted significant differences from published accounts of this iconic species, and prompts a new evaluation of its morphology as a whole. All known specimens of A. canadensis, including previously unpublished material, were examined with the aim of providing a cohesive morphological description of this stem lineage arthropod. In contrast to previous descriptions, the dorsal surface of the head is shown to be covered by a small, oval carapace in close association with paired stalked eyes, and the ventral surface bears only the triradial oral cone, with no evidence of a hypostome or an anterior sclerite. The frontal appendages reveal new details of the arthrodial membranes and a narrower cross-section in dorsal view than previously reconstructed. The posterior body region reveals a complex suite of digestive, respiratory, and locomotory characters that include a differentiated foregut and hindgut, a midgut with paired glands, gill-like setal blades, and evidence of muscle bundles and struts that presumably supported the swimming movement of the body flaps. The tail fan includes a central blade in addition to the previously described three pairs of lateral blades. Some of these structures have not been identified in other anomalocaridids, making Anomalocaris critical for understanding the functional morphology of the group as a whole and corroborating its arthropod affinities.

The Mechanism of Proboscis Movement in Arenicola

1954 ◽  
Vol s3-95 (30) ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
G. P. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Buccal Mass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

The mechanism of proboscis movement is analysed in detail in Arenicola marina L. and A. ecaudata Johnston, and discussed in relation to the properties of the hydrostatic skeleton. Proboscis activity is based on the following cycle of movements in both species. Stage I. The circular muscles of the body-wall and buccal mass contract; the head narrows and lengthens. Stage IIa. The circular muscles of the mouth and buccal mass relax; the gular membrane (or ‘first diaphragm’ of previous authors) contracts; the mouth opens and the buccal mass emerges. Stage IIb. The longitudinal muscles of the buccal mass and body-wall contract; the head shortens and widens and the pharynx emerges. Stage III. As Stage I. The two species differ anatomically and in their hydrostatic relationships. In ecaudata, the forward movement of body-fluid which extrudes and distends the proboscis is largely due to the contraction of the gular membrane and septal pouches. In marina, the essential mechanism is the relaxation of the oral region which allows the general coelomic pressure to extrude the proboscis. The gular membrane of marina contracts as that of ecaudata does, but its anatomy is different and it appears to be a degenerating structure as far as proboscis extrusion is concerned. Withdrawal of the proboscis may occur while the head is still shortening and widening in Stage IIb, or while it is lengthening and narrowing in Stage III. The proboscis is used both in feeding and in burrowing; in the latter case nothing enters through the mouth; the difference is largely caused by variation in the timing of withdrawal relative to the 3-stage cycle.

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