Bacterial symbiont and salivary peptide evolution in the context of leech phylogeny

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (13) ◽  
pp. 1815-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK E. SIDDALL ◽  
GI-SIK MIN ◽  
FRANK M. FONTANELLA ◽  
ANNA J. PHILLIPS ◽  
SARA C. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Medicinal Leech ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Salivary Peptide ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

SUMMARYThe evolutionary history of leeches is employed as a general framework for understanding more than merely the systematics of this charismatic group of annelid worms, and serves as a basis for understanding blood-feeding related correlates ranging from the specifics of gut-associated bacterial symbionts to salivary anticoagulant peptides. A variety of medicinal leech families were examined for intraluminal crop bacterial symbionts. Species ofAeromonasand Bacteroidetes were characterized with DNA gyrase B and 16S rDNA. Bacteroidetes isolates were found to be much more phylogenetically diverse and suggested stronger evidence of phylogenetic correlation than the gammaproteobacteria. Patterns that look like co-speciation with limited taxon sampling do not in the full context of phylogeny. Bioactive compounds that are expressed as gene products, like those in leech salivary glands, have ‘passed the test’ of evolutionary selection. We produced and bioinformatically mined salivary gland EST libraries across medicinal leech lineages to experimentally and statistically evaluate whether evolutionary selection on peptides can identify structure-function activities of known therapeutically relevant bioactive compounds like antithrombin, hirudin and antistasin. The combined information content of a well corroborated leech phylogeny and broad taxonomic coverage of expressed proteins leads to a rich understanding of evolution and function in leech history.

scholarly journals Evolution of a chordate-specific mechanism for myoblast fusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Zhang ◽  
Renjie Shang ◽  
Kwantae Kim ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Christopher J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Myoblast Fusion ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
New Genes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Vertebrates ◽  
And Function

The size of an animal is determined by the size of its musculoskeletal system. Myoblast fusion is an innovative mechanism that allows for multinucleated muscle fibers to compound the size and strength of individual mononucleated cells. However, the evolutionary history of the control mechanism underlying this important process is currently unknown. The phylum Chordata hosts closely related groups that span distinct myoblast fusion states: no fusion in cephalochordates, restricted fusion and multinucleation in tunicates, and extensive, obligatory fusion in vertebrates. To elucidate how these differences may have evolved, we studied the evolutionary origins and function of membrane-coalescing agents Myomaker and Myomixer in various groups of chordates. Here we report that Myomaker likely arose through gene duplication in the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, while Myomixer appears to have evolved de novo in early vertebrates. Functional tests revealed an unexpectedly complex evolutionary history of myoblast fusion in chordates. A pre-vertebrate phase of muscle multinucleation driven by Myomaker was followed by the later emergence of Myomixer that enables the highly efficient fusion system of vertebrates. Thus, our findings reveal the evolutionary origins of chordate-specific fusogens and illustrate how new genes can shape the emergence of novel morphogenetic traits and mechanisms.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of the MTG gene family in vertebrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402
Author(s):  
A. I. Kavaleuskaya ◽  
T. V. Ramanouskaya
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transcriptional Corepressors

The highly conserved MTG gene family includes three homologs in vertebrates (MTG8, MTGR1, MTG16) encoding transcriptional corepressors, which are important in haemopoiesis, neurogenesis and epithelial stem cell differentiation. These genes are of particular interest because they are involved in translocations, associated with different types of cancer. Looking at how this gene family evolved might provide insights into history of its structural and functional diversification. We have performed a phylogenetic analysis of MTG nucleotide and protein sequences to examine the evolutionary events. The domain organization of MTG gene products was clarified, the mechanism of appearance of the first MTG gene was revealed and the ancestor taxon was determined. Also the mechanism of MTG gene family emergence was established. In addition, analysis of the rates of evolution acting on individual domains was made, and conservative positions within each gene of MTG family were determined.

scholarly journals How global extinctions impact regional biodiversity in mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Huang ◽  
T. Jonathan Davies ◽  
John L. Gittleman
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Species Assemblage ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

Phylogenetic diversity (PD) represents the evolutionary history of a species assemblage and is a valuable measure of biodiversity because it captures not only species richness but potentially also genetic and functional diversity. Preserving PD could be critical for maintaining the functional integrity of the world's ecosystems, and species extinction will have a large impact on ecosystems in areas where the ecosystem cost per species extinction is high. Here, we show that impacts from global extinctions are linked to spatial location. Using a phylogeny of all mammals, we compare regional losses of PD against a model of random extinction. At regional scales, losses differ dramatically: several biodiversity hotspots in southern Asia and Amazonia will lose an unexpectedly large proportion of PD. Global analyses may therefore underestimate the impacts of extinction on ecosystem processes and function because they occur at finer spatial scales within the context of natural biogeography.

scholarly journals Presence of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Species in All Subgroups of the PPi-Dependent Group II Phosphofructokinase Protein Family

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (22) ◽  
pp. 6714-6716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Müller ◽  
Jennifer A. Lee ◽  
Paul Gordon ◽  
Terry Gaasterland ◽  
Christoph W. Sensen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Propionibacterium Freudenreichii ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Inorganic Pyrophosphate ◽  
Eukaryotic Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Complex Evolutionary History

ABSTRACT Inorganic pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) of the amitochondriate eukaryoteMastigamoeba balamuthi was sequenced and showed about 60% identity to PPi-PFKs from two eubacteria,Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Sinorhizobium meliloti. These gene products represent a newly recognized lineage of PFKs. All four lineages of group II PFKs, as defined by phylogenetic analysis, contained both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species, underlining the complex evolutionary history of this enzyme.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of proto-vertebrate, proto-cyclostome and proto-gnathostome genomes provides new insights into early vertebrate evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Nakatani ◽  
Prashant Shingate ◽  
Vydianathan Ravi ◽  
Nisha E. Pillai ◽  
Aravind Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Long Read ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Genome Assemblies ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractAncient polyploidization events have had a lasting impact on vertebrate genome structure, organization and function. Some key questions regarding the number of ancient polyploidization events and their timing in relation to the cyclostome-gnathostome divergence have remained contentious. Here we generate de novo long-read-based chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the Japanese lamprey and elephant shark. Using these and other representative genomes and developing algorithms for the probabilistic macrosynteny model, we reconstruct high-resolution proto-vertebrate, proto-cyclostome and proto-gnathostome genomes. Our reconstructions resolve key questions regarding the early evolutionary history of vertebrates. First, cyclostomes diverged from the lineage leading to gnathostomes after a shared tetraploidization (1R) but before a gnathostome-specific tetraploidization (2R). Second, the cyclostome lineage experienced an additional hexaploidization. Third, 2R in the gnathostome lineage was an allotetraploidization event, and biased gene loss from one of the subgenomes shaped the gnathostome genome by giving rise to remarkably conserved microchromosomes. Thus, our reconstructions reveal the major evolutionary events and offer new insights into the origin and evolution of vertebrate genomes.

Phylogeny of the Euhirudinea: Independent evolution of blood feeding by leeches?

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1048-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Siddall ◽  
Eugene M. Burreson
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Character State ◽  
Evolutionary Branching ◽  
Feeding Biology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taxonomic Categories

The phylogenetic relationships of leeches were investigated by examining 22 species representative of the 10 euhirudinean familes in a cladistic analysis. Forty-five characters relating to internal and external morphology as well as cocoon deposition characteristics were used. Polarization of character states was accomplished using Acanthobdella peledina as the sister-taxon to the Euhirudinea. Two equally parsimonious solutions resulted. One was chosen as a preferred tree on the basis of defensible character state transformations. Previous speculations as to evolutionary branching patterns are largely consistent with the results obtained by cladistic analysis. Similarly, contemporary taxonomic groupings of leeches into higher taxonomic categories were found to be largely consistent with monophyletic groups identified in the analysis. The family Piscicolidae was found to be paraphyletic; elevating the constituent piscicolid subfamilies to the level of family is proposed. The origin of sanguivory as a life-history mode was investigated by optimizing this characteristic on the phylogenetic hypothesis, indicating the possibility of at least two origins of blood-feeding in the evolutionary history of leeches, depending largely on how the feeding biology of acanthobdellids is interpreted. Sanguivory is seen to have been lost at least twice.

scholarly journals The Pine Bark Adelgid, Pineus strobi, Contains Two Novel Bacteriocyte-Associated Gammaproteobacterial Symbionts

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 878-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena R. Toenshoff ◽  
Gitta Szabó ◽  
Daniela Gruber ◽  
Matthias Horn
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts

ABSTRACTBacterial endosymbionts of the pine bark adelgid,Pineus strobi(Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae), were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, 16S and 23S rRNA-based phylogeny, and fluorescencein situhybridization. Two morphologically different symbionts affiliated with theGammaproteobacteriawere present in distinct bacteriocytes. One of them (“CandidatusAnnandia pinicola”) is most closely related to an endosymbiont ofAdelges tsugae, suggesting that they originate from a lineage already present in ancient adelgids before the hosts diversified into the two major clades,AdelgesandPineus. The otherP. strobisymbiont (“CandidatusHartigia pinicola”) represents a novel symbiont lineage in members of the Adelgidae. Our findings lend further support for a complex evolutionary history of the association of adelgids with a phylogenetically diverse set of bacterial symbionts.

scholarly journals Exploring the evolutionary history of centrosomes

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1650) ◽  
pp. 20130453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Azimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tight Association ◽  
And Function ◽  
Molecular Components

The centrosome is the main organizer of the microtubule cytoskeleton in animals, higher fungi and several other eukaryotic lineages. Centrosomes are usually located at the centre of cell in tight association with the nuclear envelope and duplicate at each cell cycle. Despite a great structural diversity between the different types of centrosomes, they are functionally equivalent and share at least some of their molecular components. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary origin of the different centrosomes, in an attempt to understand whether they are derived from an ancestral centrosome or evolved independently from the motile apparatus of distinct flagellated ancestors. We then discuss the evolution of centrosome structure and function within the animal lineage.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and physiological signals in metazoan fossil biomolecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (28) ◽  
pp. eaba6883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Wiemann ◽  
Jason M. Crawford ◽  
Derek E. G. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
In Situ Raman ◽  
History Of ◽  
Higher Rank ◽  
And Function ◽  
Molecular Signals

Proteins, lipids, and sugars establish animal form and function. However, the preservation of biological signals in fossil organic matter is poorly understood. Here, we used high-resolution in situ Raman microspectroscopy to analyze the molecular compositions of 113 Phanerozoic metazoan fossils and sediments. Proteins, lipids, and sugars converge in composition during fossilization through lipoxidation and glycoxidation to form endogenous N-, O-, and S-heterocyclic polymers. Nonetheless, multivariate spectral analysis reveals molecular heterogeneities: The relative abundance of glycoxidation and lipoxidation products distinguishes different tissue types. Preserved chelating ligands are diagnostic of different modes of biomineralization. Amino acid–specific fossilization products retain phylogenetic information and capture higher-rank metazoan relationships. Molecular signals survive in deep time and provide a powerful tool for reconstructing the evolutionary history of animals.

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