Thaddeus Bellingshausen's scientific programme in the Southern Ocean, 1818–21

Polar Record ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (132) ◽  
pp. 215-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton J. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Scientific Programme ◽  
Antarctic Waters ◽  
The World ◽  
South Pacific Islands ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Equal Consideration

Following Cook's historic circumnavigation (1772–75) of the globe in Antarctic waters and his reports of great numbers of seals on South Georgia, considerable numbers of commercial sealing expeditions had made new discoveries of islands in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula. However, not until 1819 was another government-sponsored exploring and scientific expedition organized to continue the search for the then still-unknown southern continent. This time the expedition was a Russian one, and in command of the two-ship squadron was Thaddeus Bellingshausen, then a lieutenant in the Black Sea Fleet; previously he had sailed around the world in an expedition under Kruzenstern in 1803–06. He also gained much experience in coastal surveying and charting in the Black Sea. The two ships in the squadron were Vostok (985 tonne, 117 men) under Bellingshausen's command, and Mirnyy (884 tonne, 73 men) under Lt Mikhail Lazarev, who had served for several years in the British Navy. Bellingshausen, in the opinion of some, merits equal consideration as a navigator and seaman with Cook (Debenham, 1945, p xi, xiii; Barratt, 1981, p 202). He, himself, had a high admiration for Cook and drew heavily upon Cook's narratives for guidance in sailing the. Southern Ocean. The aim of the expedition, according to a letter by the Minister of Marine to Bellingshausen, was ‘to carry out a voyage of discovery in the high southern latitudes, and to circumnavigate the ice-belt of the southern Polar Circle.’ (Debenham, 1945, p 6). The two ships sailed from Kronshtadt on 14 July 1819f and returned to that port on 5 August 1821 having achieved the aim of the expedition, spending two summer seasons in Antarctic waters and one season exploring the South Pacific islands. They called at Rio de Janeiro on the outward and homeward sailings.

Wildlife and oil in the Antarctic: a recipe for cold disaster

Polar Record ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Ruoppolo ◽  
Eric J. Woehler ◽  
Kerri Morgan ◽  
Curtiss J. Clumpner
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Antarctic Waters ◽  
The World ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Fuel Spills ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Critical Constraints ◽  
Remote Part

ABSTRACTThe increasing rate of incidents involving vessels in the Southern Ocean (including vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. An increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of wildlife concentrations. Based on a survey of national operators in the Antarctic, there is little preparation for an oil spill event that involves Antarctic wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. Here we chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the current legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife event response. It is clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.

James Cook's scientific programme in the Southern Ocean, 1772–75

Polar Record ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (130) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton J. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Scientific Programme ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
James Cook ◽  
The World ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Factual Data

Until long after all other regions of the world had been explored and populated by man, the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere remained unknownand inviolate. Although a great southern continent had been postulated by theancient Greeks, and its existence firmly believed in during the 16th century and by some 18th century geographers, no real evidence for its presence had been forthcoming. However, the great voyages of discovery by James Cook in Endeavour, 1768–71 and Resolution, 1772–75 laid that belief to rest. During his second voyage Cook circumnavigated the globe in high latitudes and made three crossings of the Antarctic Circle but failed to find the supposed continental land mass. Cook came to the conclusion that if a continent existed in still higher latitudes, as we know that it does, it would be perpetually frozen. Nevertheless, the scientific aims of the voyage were achieved. Considerable light was shed on the atmospheric and oceanographic phenomena of the region, based on factual data collected by the, scientists on board Resolution, and Adventure which accompanied it for partof the timeduring 1772–73.

Antarctic Wildlife and Oil - Are We Ready?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 300266
Author(s):  
Valeria Ruoppolo ◽  
Eric Woehler ◽  
Kerri Morgan ◽  
Curt Clumpner
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Antarctic Waters ◽  
The World ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Fuel Spills ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Critical Constraints ◽  
Remote Part

The increasing rate of vessel incidents in the Southern Ocean (including an ever-increasing number of vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. The increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of substantial wildlife concentrations. Based on a questionnaire comprising six questions submitted to 33 national operators in the Antarctic, there is currently little preparation for an oil spill event involving wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. We chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the existing legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife response. It is very clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.

The Black Sea factor influencing the wastewater disposal strategy for Istanbul

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
I. Ethem Gönenç ◽  
Oguz Müftüoglu ◽  
Bilsen Beler Baykal ◽  
Ertugrul Dogan ◽  
Hüseyin Yüce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
The World ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Unlike other seas of the world, the Black Sea shows unique quality and trophic properties. Fortunately, only the upper layer water of the Black Sea is introduced into the Bosphorus and has a significant effect on the quality and trophic conditions of the Marmara Sea. These effects are discussed in the light of data obtained from collaborative efforts of Turkish and Romanian research institutions and processed satellite images. In conjunction with these discussions, recommendations for a suitable effluent disposal strategy for Istanbul's wastewater have been given.

scholarly journals Microalgae of mud volcano of the Bulganak sopochnoe field on the Crimean Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
L. I. Ryabushko ◽  
A. V. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Mud Volcano ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
The Sea Of Azov ◽  
The World

Mud volcanoes are one of unique natural phenomena widely spread around the world. They can be found in Crimea, including the Bulganak sopochnoe field – the largest cluster of active mud volcanoes on the peninsula (45°25′29.04″N, 36°27′51.64″E). Study of mud volcano microalgae in Crimea, as well as in other regions of Russia, has not been conducted so far. Therefore, scientific interest is caused by need and urgency of the study of these volcanoes. First data on microalgae species composition of active mud volcanoes are presented in this article. Samples collected by O. Yu. Eremin (03.08.2012 and 13.04.2013) in the upper 2–3-cm layer of suspension and in surface water were investigated. The ranges of salinity and water temperature were 27–32 g per L and +28…+31 °C, respectively. Microalgae species composition was determined in water preparations using Axioskop 40 (Carl Zeiss) light microscope at magnification of 10×40 with software AxioVision Rel. 4.6. Totally 16 taxa were found: Cyanobacteria (1), Dinophyta (2), Bacillariophyta (6), and Euglenophyta (7). Of these, cyanobacteria Chamaecalyx swirenkoi (Schirshov) Komárek et Anagnostidis, 1986 was found by us in the mud volcano in August 2012. Pennate species of diatoms were also identified – single living (of genera Cylindrotheca (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J. C. Lewin, Lyrella Karajeva, and Nitzschia Hassall) and colonial species (of genera Berkeleya Greville and Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo). The brackish-water, benthic, boreal-tropical species Nitzschia thermaloides Hustedt was recorded for the algal flora of Crimea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov for the first time. Euglenophytes were also found in the samples – 5 species of the genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg and 2 species of the genus Strombomonas Deflandre. Of all the species found in the mud volcano ecotope, 7 species are common for the Black Sea, and 9 species, including 3 euglenophytes, are common for the Sea of Azov. It is shown that by characteristics of halobility, species found in the mud volcano belong to freshwater complex (53 %), with a significant share of marine (27 %) and brackish-water (20 %) species. Of the phytogeographic flora elements, boreal species make up 33 %, boreal-tropical – 47 %, and cosmopolites – 20 %. Three species of potentially toxic algae are recorded: diatom Pseudo-nitzschia prolongatoides (Hasle) Hasle, 1993, as well as dinophytes Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, 1975 and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech, 1994. The last species is marine, boreal-tropical, and new to the algology of Crimea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. In the article, own and literary data on morphology, ecology, and phytogeography of species, as well as on their general distribution in different waterbodies of the world, are also presented. Some microalgae species are indicators of saprobity; they are able to participate in purification of water from organic substances. Photos of mud volcanoes and micrographs of some species are presented.

scholarly journals TO THE 75th ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR R.D. KOS’YAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
A. G. Zatsepin ◽  
S. B. Kuklev ◽  
T. A. Podymova
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
75Th Anniversary ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
Prominent Scientist ◽  
The World ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

On May 20, 2021, the head of the Laboratory of Lithodynamics and Geology of the Southern Department of the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, prominent scientist and public figure Kosyan Ruben Derenikovich is 75 years old. R.D. Kosyan is a leading Russian expert in the field of studying the regularities of hydrogenic movements of detrital material in the coastal zone of the sea. He is a participant of many expeditions and thematic conferences, an expert on some major international projects, and lectures in various countries of the world. Under his leadership, a group of models was developed to calculate the long-shore sediment discharge, as well as the associated deformation of the relief in the coastal zone of the sea. R.D. Kosyan was awarded the Order of Courage, as well as the International Medal of the Black Sea Commission for merits in the study of the Black Sea. Congratulations to the wonderful scientist-oceanologist on the solemn date.

CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE POLITICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES OF UKRAINE EXPERTS (BASED ON ANALYTICAL REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGES TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
OLEG V. Donetsk National University ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Parallel Structure ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Studies

Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the basis of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the peninsula is considered as a “Russian bridgehead”, a source of “military threat" and an "occupied territory". Ukrainian experts are convinced that the motives of Russia's foreign and defense policy in the Black Sea direction are allegedly due to its desire for "expansion", "imperial policy" and the desire to "restore the Soviet Union." They perceive the reunification of Crimea with Russia as an event that led to a cardinal transformation of the geopolitical space of the Black Sea region that contradicts Ukrainian national interests. At the same time, on rational grounds, the institute is actively searching for conceptual approaches to organizing a new regional security system and creating a long-term, broad and durable alliance of anti-Russian forces, which could act as a NATO parallel structure in the Black Sea region in the future. Moreover, Ukrainian experts do not have any own geopolitical project or idea on this. They are considering several options for regional coalitions at once, paying special attention to the Polish concept of "Intermarium", which consists in creating a block of Baltic-Black Sea states.

Legal and Economic Consequences of Russia's Expansionary Policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Giga Abuseridze ◽  
Janis Grasis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the recent history of the world, especially in the last two decades, large-scale military actions by Russia and Russian intervention have attracted wide international attention. Russia's increasingly confrontational stance has been manifested in military interventions in Georgia (2008) and in Ukraine (2014). The occupation/annexation of the territories of Georgia and Ukraine by the Russian Federation is a gross violation of the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country, as well as of the norms and principles of international law, that have significantly changed the international order established between the states and called into question the security of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a legal analysis of Russia's aggressive policy and the economic consequences of Ukraine and Georgia as aggrieved parties.

Stratigraphy of Antarctic late Cenozoic pectinid-bearing deposits

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. Jonkers
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Late Cenozoic ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Antarctic Waters ◽  
The Antarctic

Antarctic late Cenozoic pectinid-bearing sedimentary strata are chiefly confined to localities in the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula, in the McMurdo Sound area, and Marine Plain, East Antarctica. Ages of these deposits range from Oligocene to Holocene. Chlamys-like scallops, which are absent from today's Southern Ocean, thrived in Antarctic waters during both glacial and interglacial episodes, but disappeared during the Late Pliocene. Their extinction is believed to result from the combined effects of increased carbonate solubility, habitat loss and limitations in food availability, associated with major cooling.

25.—Challenger's Voyage and the Black Sea Investigations at the close of the Nineteenth Century.

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-275
Author(s):  
I. A. Fedosseyev ◽  
A. F. Plakhotnick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Antarctic

Though Russia, in contrast with England, had no broad access to the oceans, Russian oceanographers always took a great interest in the world ocean investigations. To confirm this we would first of all like to mention the Russian cruises around the world, made by I. F. Krusenstern and Ju. F. Lisjansky in 1803–06, V. M. Golovnin in 1806–13 and 1817–19, M. P. Lazarev in 1819–21 and 1822–25 (the second voyage, the main result of which was the discovery of the Antarctic Continent, was made together with F. F. Bellingshauzen), O. E. Kotsebu in 1815–18 and 1823–26, and F. O. Litke in 1826–29. The names of several Russian explorers who carried on important work in various parts of the Arctic and the Pacific Oceans in different periods of the nineteenth century are well known. At one time valuable results of the oceanological investigations, carried out by Admiral S. O. Makarov on the ship Vitjaz in the Pacific Ocean in 1886–89, attracted much attention. The fact that Vitjaz is lettered on the pediment of the Oceanographical Museum of Monaco among the ten ships most distinguished in oceanographical explorations from the whole world testifies to the scientific importance of Makarov's investigations.

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