The three waves of Arctic urbanisation. Drivers, evolutions, prospects

Polar Record ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Laruelle
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Public Services ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Human Development Report ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe 2014 Arctic Human Development Report identified “Arctic settlements, cities, and communities” as one of the main gaps in knowledge of the region. This article looks at circumpolar urbanisation trends. It dissociates three historical waves of Arctic urbanisation: from the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century (the “colonial” wave), from the 1920s to the 1980s in the specific case of the Soviet urbanisation of the Arctic (the “Soviet” wave), and from the 1960s−70s to the present as a circumpolar trend (the “globalized” wave). It then discusses the three drivers of the latest urbanisation wave (resources, militarisation, and public services) and the prospects for Arctic cities’ sustainability in the near future.

Border Blurs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reconstruction ◽  
Scottish Literature ◽  
Concrete Poetry ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Counter Culture ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

This book presents the first in-depth account of the relationship between English and Scottish poets and the international concrete poetry movement of the 1950s-70s. Concrete poetry was a literary and artistic style which reactivated early-twentieth-century modernist impulses towards the merging of artistic media while simultaneously speaking to a gamut of contemporary contexts, from post-1945 social reconstruction to cybernetics, mass media, and the sixties counter-culture. The terms of its development in England and Scotland also suggest new ways of mapping ongoing complexities in the relationship between those two national cultures, and of tracing broader sociological and cultural trends in Britain during the 1960s-70s. Focusing especially on the work of Ian Hamilton Finlay, Edwin Morgan, Dom Sylvester Houédard, and Bob Cobbing, Border Blurs is based on new and extensive archival and primary research. It fills a gap in contemporary understandings of a significant literary and artistic genre which has been largely overlooked by literary critics. It also sheds new light on the development of British and Scottish literature during the late twentieth century, on the emergence of intermedia art, and on the development of modernism beyond its early-twentieth-century, urban Western networks.

scholarly journals The Early Twentieth-Century Warming in the Arctic—A Possible Mechanism

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 4045-4057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Bengtsson ◽  
Vladimir A. Semenov ◽  
Ola M. Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

Solar radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth Century Warming period (1921–50)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Pavel Sviashchennikov ◽  
Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
Przemysław Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Solar Forcing ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

<p>The Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) period includes a time when a clear increase in actinometric observations was noted in the Arctic, which is defined for the purpose of the present paper after Atlas Arktiki (Treshnikov ed., 1985). Nevertheless, available information about energy balance, and its components, for the Arctic for the study period is still very limited, and therefore solar forcing cannot be reliably determined. As a result, the literature contains large discrepancies between estimates of solar forcing. For example, reconstructions of the increase of terrestrial solar irradiance (TSI) during the ETCW period range from 0.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (CMIP5, Wang et al., 2005), through 1.8 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Crowley et al., 2003), to 3.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Shapiro et al., 2011). Suo et al. (2013) concluded that the collection and processing of solar data is of paramount and central importance to the ability to take solar forcing into account, especially in modelling work.</p><p>            Having in mind the weaknesses of our knowledge described above, we decided to present in the paper a summary of our research concerning the availability of solar data in the Arctic (including measurements taken during land and marine expeditions). A detailed inventory of data series for the ETCW period (1921–50) also containing all available metadata will be an important part of this work. Based on the gathered data, a preliminary analysis will be presented of the general solar conditions in the Arctic in this time in terms of global, diffuse and direct solar radiation, and their changes from the ETCW period to present times (mainly 1981–2010).</p><p>            The research work in this paper was supported by a grant entitled “Causes of the Early 20th Century Arctic Warming”, funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2015/19/B/ST10/02933).</p><p>References:</p><p>Crowley T.J., Baum S.K., Kim K., Hegerl G.C. and Hyde W.T., 2003. Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1932</p><p>Shapiro A.I., Schmutz W., Rozanov E., Schoell M., Haberreiter M. and co-authors, 2011. A new approach to the long-term reconstruction of the solar irradiance leads to large historical solar forcing. Astron. Astrophys. 529, A67.</p><p>Suo L., Ottera O.H., Bentsen M., Gao Y. and Johannessen O.M., 2013. External forcing of the early 20th century Arctic warming, Tellus A 2013, 65, 20578, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20578</p><p>Treshnikov A.F. (ed.), 1985. Atlas Arktiki. Glavnoye Upravlenye Geodeziy i Kartografiy: Moscow.</p><p>Wang Y.M., Lean J.L. and Sheeley Jr. N.R., 2005. Modeling the sun’s magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astroph. J. 625, 522.</p>

Elena Malvezzi's keyboard manuscript: a new sixteenth-century source

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 73-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Monson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Architectural Ornament ◽  
Art Dealer ◽  
Personal Collection

It is safe to say that the collections of the Museo Comunale Bardini, situated in Piazza dei Mozzi on the oltrarno in Florence, remain comparatively little known. The museum's vast store of paintings, sculpture, architectural ornament, rugs and tapestries, armour, bronzes, furniture and musical instruments all belonged to Stefano Bardini, the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century collector and art dealer. Born in 1836 in the province of Arezzo, Bardini came to Florence to study painting at the Accademia delle Belle Arti. After the political turbulence of the 1860s, when Bardini fought with the Garibaldini, the young painter turned to restoration, connoisseurship and art dealing. By the age of forty-five he had established his reputation and an extraordinary personal collection. At the height of his career his patrons included the Rothschilds, the Vanderbilts, Isabella Gardiner and J. Pierpont Morgan. Many objects now in some of the world's best-known public collections passed through his hands.

Socialist Pluralism and Pluralist Socialism

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Barnard ◽  
R. A. Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
The State ◽  
English School ◽  
Societal Values ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1960S

The English school of ‘socialist pluralists' of the early twentieth century pictured socialism as an order in which maximum autonomy of social and economic functions coexisted with a minimum of political functions. The ‘pluralist socialists' among the Czech reformers of the 1960s, by contrast, insisted that such autonomy can be realised and sustained only in conjunction with effective political modalities. The pluralization of socialist regimes entailed for them, therefore, not ‘the withering away of the state’ but its invigoration as a space for contesting general ends. Such contestation was envisaged principally in terms of competition between political parties which could give expression to ideological differentiation even within the confines of socialist belief, the implication being that agreement on fundamental societal values does not pre-empt diversity over political ends.

scholarly journals Pacific contribution to the early twentieth-century warming in the Arctic

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 793-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Svendsen ◽  
Noel Keenlyside ◽  
Ingo Bethke ◽  
Yongqi Gao ◽  
Nour-Eddine Omrani
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

Tocqueville and Marx: Not opposites

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-196
Author(s):  
Roger Boesche
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Right

For more than half a century, analysts have presented Tocqueville as a counterpoise to Marx. J.-P. Mayer, who helped reintroduce Tocqueville after considerable neglect in the early twentieth century, pictured Tocqueville as a “Prophet of the Mass Age,” a prophet having found a middle way between the twin dangers of Marxism on the left and Fascism on the right. In the 1960s it was fashionable to declare that Tocqueville defended a “pluralistic political system” as an alternative to Marxist-Leninist tyrannies.

The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and symbolic objects from Yana RHS, Arctic Siberia

Antiquity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (333) ◽  
pp. 642-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Pitulko ◽  
Elena Y. Pavlova ◽  
Pavel A. Nikolskiy ◽  
Varvara V. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Arctic Siberia

The excavated site termed Yana RHS is dated to about 28000 BP and contained a stunning assemblage of ornamented and symbolic objects—the earliest art to be excavated in the Arctic zone. Decorated beads, pendants and needles connect the site to the Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic; but other forms and ornaments are unparalleled. Shallow dishes and anthropomorphic designs on mammoth tusks find echoes among hunting practice and shamanistic images of the indigenous Yukaghir people recorded in the early twentieth century.

“A Triumph in Culinary Art”: Epicurean Displays at the Copley Plaza

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Michelle Tolini Finamore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Extensive Family

From the early twentieth century through the 1960s, three generations of the Tolini family participated in culinary expositions organized by the Epicurean Society of Boston and Les Amis d'Escoffier. The French gastronomic traditions of Auguste Escoffier and Antonin Carême informed the creation of the elaborate and highly decorative tallow sculptures that were the centerpieces of these displays. Drawing upon an extensive family archive of photographs, menus, and ephemera, the author delves into the history of these extraordinaires, or pièces montées. The article explores the fabrication techniques and aesthetics of the centerpieces through oral history and seminal nineteenth- and twentieth-century culinary books such as The Escoffier Cook Book: A Guide to the Fine Art of Cookery and more obscure works such as Escoffier's Les Fleurs en Cire. The investigation uncovers the original sources of inspiration for the annual competitions, as well as a unique tradition of craftsmanship that was handed down from father to son to grandson.

scholarly journals TOUR DIARIES AND ITINERANT GOVERNANCE IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAS, 1909–1962

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
BÉRÉNICE GUYOT-RÉCHARD
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Eastern Himalayas ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
Indian State ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractBetween the early twentieth century and the 1960s, the Indian state began to incorporate the easternmost Himalayas. This article illuminates this state-making process by examining its material and communicative culture, embodied in tour diaries. These diaries were not private reflections written during one's spare time but the compulsory output of administrative tours. Often followed by more reflective notes, their perceived insights were used to determine local or general policy changes. Drawing on a literature that sees paperwork as constitutive of bureaucracy, this article argues that tour diaries exemplified and buttressed a certain form of frontier governance, marked by itinerancy and personalization well into independence. In their historical development, their language and materiality, their administrative usage, tour diaries embodied more than anything else the contingent, spatially uneven, and fractured nature of Indian state-making in the Himalayas, revealing the importance of process geographies anchored in paperwork circulation for its sustenance. Transmitted whole or extracted into policy files, diaries tied wandering officers together in a distinctive community of practice, policies, and ideas – preserving the fiction of the frontier state as a coherent whole in uncertain circumstances. As much as through maps, regulations, and routes, the frontier was made through writing.

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