Solar radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth Century Warming period (1921–50)

Author(s):  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Pavel Sviashchennikov ◽  
Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
Przemysław Wyszyński

<p>The Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) period includes a time when a clear increase in actinometric observations was noted in the Arctic, which is defined for the purpose of the present paper after Atlas Arktiki (Treshnikov ed., 1985). Nevertheless, available information about energy balance, and its components, for the Arctic for the study period is still very limited, and therefore solar forcing cannot be reliably determined. As a result, the literature contains large discrepancies between estimates of solar forcing. For example, reconstructions of the increase of terrestrial solar irradiance (TSI) during the ETCW period range from 0.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (CMIP5, Wang et al., 2005), through 1.8 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Crowley et al., 2003), to 3.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Shapiro et al., 2011). Suo et al. (2013) concluded that the collection and processing of solar data is of paramount and central importance to the ability to take solar forcing into account, especially in modelling work.</p><p>            Having in mind the weaknesses of our knowledge described above, we decided to present in the paper a summary of our research concerning the availability of solar data in the Arctic (including measurements taken during land and marine expeditions). A detailed inventory of data series for the ETCW period (1921–50) also containing all available metadata will be an important part of this work. Based on the gathered data, a preliminary analysis will be presented of the general solar conditions in the Arctic in this time in terms of global, diffuse and direct solar radiation, and their changes from the ETCW period to present times (mainly 1981–2010).</p><p>            The research work in this paper was supported by a grant entitled “Causes of the Early 20th Century Arctic Warming”, funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2015/19/B/ST10/02933).</p><p>References:</p><p>Crowley T.J., Baum S.K., Kim K., Hegerl G.C. and Hyde W.T., 2003. Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1932</p><p>Shapiro A.I., Schmutz W., Rozanov E., Schoell M., Haberreiter M. and co-authors, 2011. A new approach to the long-term reconstruction of the solar irradiance leads to large historical solar forcing. Astron. Astrophys. 529, A67.</p><p>Suo L., Ottera O.H., Bentsen M., Gao Y. and Johannessen O.M., 2013. External forcing of the early 20th century Arctic warming, Tellus A 2013, 65, 20578, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20578</p><p>Treshnikov A.F. (ed.), 1985. Atlas Arktiki. Glavnoye Upravlenye Geodeziy i Kartografiy: Moscow.</p><p>Wang Y.M., Lean J.L. and Sheeley Jr. N.R., 2005. Modeling the sun’s magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astroph. J. 625, 522.</p>

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
R. Przybylak ◽  
P. N. Svyashchennikov ◽  
J. Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
P. Wyszyński

AbstractThe early twentieth-century warming (ETCW), defined as occurring within the period 1921–50, saw a clear increase in actinometric observations in the Arctic. Nevertheless, information on radiation balance and its components at that time is still very limited in availability, and therefore large discrepancies exist among estimates of total solar irradiance forcing. To eliminate these uncertainties, all available solar radiation data for the Arctic need to be collected and processed. Better knowledge about incoming solar radiation (direct, diffuse, and global) should allow for more reliable estimation of the magnitude of total solar irradiance forcing, which can help, in turn, to more precisely and correctly explain the reasons for the ETCW in the Arctic. The paper summarizes our research into the availability of solar radiation data for the Arctic. An important part of this work is its detailed inventory of data series (including metadata) for the period before the mid-twentieth century. Based on the most reliable data series, general solar conditions in the Arctic during the ETCW are described. The character of solar radiation changes between the ETCW and present times, in particular after 2000, is also analyzed. Average annual global solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW was slightly greater than in the period 1964–90 (by about 1–2 W·m−2) and was markedly greater than in the period 2001–19 (by about 16 W·m−2). Our results also reveal that in the period 1920–2019 three phases of solar radiation changes can be distinguished: a brightening phase (1921–50), a stabilization phase (1951–93), and a dimming phase (after 2000).


Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Stepanov

The article is devoted to the history of publishing activities of the libraries of St. Petersburg Province. There are analyzed the main product types of libraries, marked the libraries, performing publishing activities in the early twentieth century, and there is given characteristics of their publications.


Author(s):  
Volodymyr Shvets ◽  

The start of the land market in Ukraine began on July 1, 2021, which opened new opportunities for the development of the national economy. At the same time, the issue of assessment of formation of land assets remained insufficiently provided with appropriate mechanisms for the transparency of this market and the establishment of fair land prices. An important component of the formation of a fair valuation of land assets are the previous databases on their sales prices for previous time periods. We do not have such data due to the lack of a land market in Ukraine during the administrative-command system of economic management, being part of the USSR. Therefore, the only systematized databases for the assessment of land assets are studies conducted by the Ministry of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. This article aims to study the level and dynamics of land asset prices using the historical experience of valuation of Ukrainian land assets by banks of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. The article separates and groups data on the valuation of land assets in the Ukrainian provinces, which were part of the Russian Empire. A retrospective analysis of the valuation of land assets in terms of individual regions of Ukraine that were part of the Russian Empire was performed on the basis of selected data. The necessity and importance of today's use of historical experience of valuations of land asset in Ukraine are substantiated in connection with the introduction of the land market. Using the index of change in the value of gold, comparative prices transfer of land assets from the early twentieth century at today's comparable prices. The obtained level of prices for land assets has the prospect of being used as a base during the organization of land auctions to form a fair price for land in Ukraine.


Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thúy Vy

The late nineteenth and early twentieth century was a period that Western culture had a strong influence on East Asia countries. The need for finding new markets and expanding colonies of Western countries made most countries of East Asia were at risk of becoming Western colonies. This historical situation forced East Asia countries - whether they like it or not - to "Europeanize" and to absorb Western civilization achievements to survive. However, whether the impacts of Europeanization on values of culture were positive or negative, the Europeanization was strongly depended on the cultural characteristics and processes in each country. In the early twentieth century, under the impact of the process of Europeanization, large cities in Vietnam - especially Hanoi - greatly transformed the appearance and functions from medieval to early modern cities. Through research on the changing social position of Hanoi women in the process of Europeanization in the early 20th century on four dimensions: Time, space, human, and methods, the paper indicated the reasons, characteristics, rules, trends of the fluctuation of cultural values ​​in Hanoi in the early 20th century under the impact of the Europeanization process.


2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (24) ◽  
pp. 6227-6232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Tokinaga ◽  
Shang-Ping Xie ◽  
Hitoshi Mukougawa

With amplified warming and record sea ice loss, the Arctic is the canary of global warming. The historical Arctic warming is poorly understood, limiting our confidence in model projections. Specifically, Arctic surface air temperature increased rapidly over the early 20th century, at rates comparable to those of recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing. Here, we show that the concurrent phase shift of Pacific and Atlantic interdecadal variability modes is the major driver for the rapid early 20th-century Arctic warming. Atmospheric model simulations successfully reproduce the early Arctic warming when the interdecadal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) is properly prescribed. The early 20th-century Arctic warming is associated with positive SST anomalies over the tropical and North Atlantic and a Pacific SST pattern reminiscent of the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation. Atmospheric circulation changes are important for the early 20th-century Arctic warming. The equatorial Pacific warming deepens the Aleutian low, advecting warm air into the North American Arctic. The extratropical North Atlantic and North Pacific SST warming strengthens surface westerly winds over northern Eurasia, intensifying the warming there. Coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations support the constructive intensification of Arctic warming by a concurrent, negative-to-positive phase shift of the Pacific and Atlantic interdecadal modes. Our results aid attributing the historical Arctic warming and thereby constrain the amplified warming projected for this important region.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9(5)) ◽  
pp. 616-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Schnädelbach

This paper illustrates that emotions were considered a central component of juristic work in German legal thought around 1900, showing how emotional practices of judges were reshaped when they were confronted with new socio-political demands in the early 20th century. It argues that judicial emotions were intensely reflected upon and used by German jurists, especially via court rhetoric and specific politics of voice. It puts forward an understanding of vocal performances as emotional practices that became particularly contested during the first decades of the 20th century. Whereas classical ideals of judicial conduct placed a premium on authority and distance in order to ensure objectivity, a psychologically informed and emotion-based interaction between judges and court attendees came to the fore: the use of rhetoric and the ability of showing, forming, and creating emotions gained relevance. The judge was not only to manage his own emotions, but was conceived of as an active engineer of emotions in court. El artículo ilustra cómo el pensamiento jurídico alemán de alrededor de 1900 consideraba las emociones un componente central del trabajo judicial, y muestra cómo las prácticas emocionales de los jueces cambiaron a tenor de las nuevas demandas sociopolíticas de principios del siglo XX. Se argumenta que los juristas alemanes usaban intensamente las emociones judiciales. Se definen las actuaciones orales como prácticas emocionales que fueron especialmente contestadas en el siglo XX. Mientras los ideales clásicos sobre la conducta de los jueces ponían el acento en la autoridad y la distancia para garantizar la objetividad, después avanzó un modelo de interacción psicológicamente informada y basada en la emoción: el uso de la retórica y la capacidad de mostrar, formar y crear emociones ganó protagonismo. El juez ya no sólo gestionaba sus propias emociones, sino que se convirtió en un ingeniero activo de emociones en el juzgado.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62

This article discusses the various forms of resistance to and / or noninvolvement in strategies of national mobilization in early-20th century Bessarabia, as well as the alternative identity projects articulated by local elites. The region was the object of rival claims to inclusion in the Russian imperial and Romanian national space, with each of the two alternative centers competing for the loyalty of the local population. However, the extent to which the Bessarabian population responded to these signals and messages was rather limited. Early 20th-century Bessarabian society, and especially its nobility, clergy, and intellectual strata were slow in responding to nationalist signals coming both from the Russian center and from its Romanian rival.


2022 ◽  
pp. 1-59

Abstract A review of many studies published since the late 1920s reveals that the main driving mechanisms responsible for the Early Twentieth Century Arctic Warming (ETCAW) are not fully recognized. The main obstacle seems to be our limited knowledge about the climate of this period and some forcings. A deeper knowledge based on greater spatial and temporal resolution data is needed. The article provides new (or improved) knowledge about surface air temperature (SAT) conditions (including their extreme states) in the Arctic during the ETCAW. Daily and sub-daily data have been used (mean daily air temperature, maximum and minimum daily temperature, and diurnal temperature range). These were taken from ten individual years (selected from the period 1934–50) for six meteorological stations representing parts of five Arctic climatic regions. Standard SAT characteristics were analyzed (monthly, seasonal, and yearly means), as were rarely investigated aspects of SAT characteristics (e.g., number of characteristic days; day-to-day temperature variability; and onset, end, and duration of thermal seasons). The results were compared with analogical calculations done for data taken from the Contemporary Arctic Warming (CAW) period (2007–16). The Arctic experienced warming between the ETCAW and the CAW. The magnitude of warming was greatest in the Pacific (2.7 °C) and Canadian Arctic (1.9 °C) regions. A shortening of winter and lengthening of summer were registered. Furthermore, the climate was also a little more continental (except the Russian Arctic) and less stable (greater day-to-day variability and diurnal temperature range) during the ETCAW than during the CAW.


Author(s):  
L. R. Murtazina ◽  
A. A. Zinnatullina

The article is dedicated to extracurricular activities in Muslim women’s schools in Russia in the period before the October Revolution. These events were aimed at the comprehensive development, raising the cultural, intellectual level of students. They served the formation and preservation of religious-moral and national-cultural values among young Muslim women. The paper considers various types of activities that complement the curriculum of Muslim women’s schools in the early twentieth century. They contributed to the socialization of Muslim women in the new realities of the time. The article first introduced into scientific circulation new sources on the topic (materials of Tatar newspapers and magazines of the early twentieth century on the Arabic schedule).


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