scholarly journals “Logrolling” in Antarctic governance: Limits and opportunities

Polar Record ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey McGee ◽  
Bruno Arpi ◽  
Andrew Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Kunlun Station ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is considered a successful example of international governance as it has managed tensions over sovereignty claims, avoided militarisation and dealt with marine resources and environmental protection. Recently, China’s influence and assertiveness in many international institutions have significantly grown. What effect this shift in the international politics will have upon Antarctic governance remains to be seen. However, to further thinking on this issue we explore two current case studies that reveal pressure points within the ATS. First, in the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Australia has proposed marine protected areas off East Antarctica, to which China and several other states have objected. Second, in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, China has proposed special management arrangements for the area around the “Kunlun” station, to which Australia and several other states have objected. Negotiation theory suggests “logrolling” (i.e. trade of mutual decision-making support across issue areas) can be an effective strategy to avoid diplomatic deadlocks. We therefore consider the merits of a logrolling strategy for the above issues. We find that while a logrolling strategy in the ATS might facilitate short-term diplomatic success, it would carry significant risks, including the weakening of existing norms.

An international hierarchy of science: conquest, cooperation, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110338
Author(s):  
Joanne Yao
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
International Status ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), created in 1959 to govern the southern continent, is often lauded as an illustration of science’s potential to inspire peaceful and rational International Relations. This article critically examines this optimistic view of science’s role in international politics by focusing on how science as a global hierarchical structure operated as a gatekeeper to an exclusive Antarctic club. I argue that in the early 20th century, the conduct of science in Antarctica was entwined with global and imperial hierarchies. As what Mattern and Zarakol call a broad hierarchy, science worked both as a civilized marker of international status as well as a social performance that legitimated actors’ imperial interests in Antarctica. The 1959 ATS relied on science as an existing broad hierarchy to enable competing states to achieve a functional bargain and ‘freeze’ sovereignty claims, whilst at the same time institutionalizing and reinforcing the legitimacy of science in maintaining international inequalities. In making this argument, I stress the role of formal international institutions in bridging our analysis of broad and functional hierarchies while also highlighting the importance of scientific hierarchies in constituting the current international order.

Antarctica

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Day
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Global Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic

Part of the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, David Day's book on Antarctica examines the most forbidding and formidably inaccessible continent on Earth. Antarctica was first discovered by European explorers in 1820, and for over a century following this, countries competed for the frozen land's vast marine resources--namely, the skins and oil of seals and whales. Soon the entire territory played host to competing claims by rival nations. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 was meant to end this contention, but countries have found other means of extending control over the land, with scientific bases establishing at least symbolic claims. Exploration and drilling by the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, and others has led to discoveries about the world's climate in centuries past--and in the process intimations of its alarming future. Delving into the history of the continent, Antarctic wildlife, arguments over governance, underwater mountain rangers, and the continent's use in predicting coming global change, Day's work sheds new light on a territory that, despite being the coldest, driest, and windiest continent in the world, will continue to be the object of intense speculation and competition.

scholarly journals Towards Integrated Management of Regional Marine Protected Area Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-242
Author(s):  
James Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Institutional Fragmentation

Abstract Marine protected areas (MPA s) are an important tool for protecting marine ecosystems both within and beyond national jurisdiction, but the integrated management of MPA s is challenging due to the institutional fragmentation that exists in international ocean governance at global and regional levels. In the absence of fundamental reform of international ocean governance, integrated management of MPA s can at present only be achieved through cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination between relevant international institutions. Understanding regime interaction in this context requires an analysis of both the relevant legal framework and the manner in which coordination mechanisms operate in practice. This article carries out a case study of regime interaction between the Antarctic Treaty and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, as well as other relevant institutions, in order to identify the key opportunities and challenges for promoting the integrated management of regional MPA networks in practice. It will also consider how the cooperative arrangements for the regional management of the Southern Ocean may provide lessons for the development of a new legally binding instrument for the conservation and management of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

scholarly journals Nexus and Imbroglio: ccamlr, the Madrid Protocol and Designating Antarctic Marine Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Cordonnery ◽  
Alan D. Hemmings ◽  
Lorne Kriwoken
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Complicating Factors ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Oceans

The paper examines the process and context of international efforts to designate Marine Protected Areas (mpas) in the Southern Ocean. The relationship between the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (camlr Convention) and the Madrid Protocol is examined in relation to legal, political and administrative norms and practices. A contextual overview of the Antarctic mpa system is considered, followed by an analysis of the overlapping competencies of the camlr Commission (ccamlr) and the Madrid Protocol. The Antarctic mpa debate is placed in a wider international legal context of the management of global oceans space in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We provide an analysis of the politico-legal discourse and point to complicating factors within, and external to, the Antarctic system. The concluding section suggests options for breathing new life into the Southern Ocean mpa discourse.

scholarly journals Antarctic politics and science are coming into conflict

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-231
Author(s):  
Richard Laws
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
International Council ◽  
Politics And Science ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Advisory Role

The current political regime for the Antarctic stemmed from the activities of the non-governmental International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in planning and implementing the IGY (1957–58); subsequently the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961. The Treaty promotes freedom of scientific research and international co-operation and in the first two decades of its existence this was an undisputed priority. SCAR, a committee of ICSU, is a non-political organization, which initiates, promotes and co-ordinates scientific research in the Antarctic. SCAR has always attached the highest importance to environmental protection and for over thirty years has readily accepted an advisory role in relation to the Treaty System. One Convention (CCAS on seals) has a built-in advisory role for SCAR - an unusual, probably unique function for an NGO. Another (CCAMLR on marine resources) often seeks advice from SCAR. The success of the Antarctic Treaty System owes much to SCAR.

Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 527-541
Author(s):  
Paul Arthur Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Science Policy ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Open Forum ◽  
Policy Interactions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The City

Abstract For the past five decades, the Antarctic Treaty has provided a firm foundation for ongoing international cooperation to successfully manage nearly ten percent of the Earth for “peaceful purposes only ... on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation.” Growing from seven claimant and five non-claimant signatories, the Antarctic Treaty now engages 47 nations, representing nearly 90 percent of humankind. To assess the legacy lessons of the Antarctic Treaty and to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its December 1, 1959 signature in the city where it was adopted in “in the interest of all mankind” – the Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance will be convened in Washington, DC at the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, from November 30 to December 3, 2009. The Antarctic Treaty Summit will provide a unique open forum for scientists, legislators, administrators, lawyers, historians, educators, executives, students and other members of civil society to share insights. Together, this international and interdisciplinary group of stakeholders will explore science-policy achievements and precedents for sustained peaceful governance of international spaces that cover nearly 75 percent of the Earth’s surface beyond national jurisdictions.

The Antarctic Treaty System: What’s on the Horizon?

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Jabour
Keyword(s):  
Status Quo ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Consensus Decision Making ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Consensus Decision ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

Abstract Antarctic commentary is usually full of superlatives when describing 50 years of the Antarctic Treaty and the subsequent system that was developed by its Parties. Primarily this is because the Antarctic Treaty itself has lasted so long, and appears to be robust and enduring. This short paper looks at what is on the horizon for the Parties to the various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System – the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. It identifies a number of key areas of concern that will challenge the Parties’ ability to maintain the successful status quo of today and meet the future with confidence. The future, characterised by the changing climate, will test the Parties in a number of crucial ways, including bringing into question their long-held principles of diplomacy and consensus decision-making.

scholarly journals CCAMLR and Southern Ocean Fisheries

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Jaap Molenaar
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
The Core ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Natural Characteristics

AbstractThe Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR Convention) forms the core of the regulatory regime for Southern Ocean fisheries. This article analyses the scope and extent of the Convention and the competence of the bodies established under it while also addressing the role of states and other international intergovernmental organisations with relevant competence. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), the CCAMLR Convention is characterised by a unique sovereignty situation. The analysis thereof is complemented by a comparison with (other) regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and illustrated by the difficulties in addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The article concludes inter alia that the CCAMLR Convention is unlike other RFMOs due to the special natural characteristics, its integration into the ATS and the ensuing sovereignty situation, and its conservationist objective. This notwithstanding, it seems justifiable to treat the CCAMLR Convention as "something more" than an RFMO for the purpose of international instruments on fisheries.

Conflicting science requirements impact on rare moss conservation measures

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis R. Pertierra ◽  
Francisco Lara ◽  
Javier Benayas ◽  
Ronald I. Lewis-Smith ◽  
Kevin A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Deception Island ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Geothermal Activity ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Status ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Specially Protected Areas ◽  
Antarctic Environment

AbstractThe Antarctic Treaty recognizes the outstanding scientific values of the Antarctic environment through the designation of Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) that have rigorous management plans specific to each site. Deception Island has the largest concentration of rare bryophyte species and communities in Antarctica, while also offering substantial opportunities for research in a range of scientific disciplines due to its volcanic nature. As a result, conflicts between research interests and conservation goals may arise. On the summit ridge of Caliente Hill severe trampling damage to the moss assemblages growing in association with localized geothermal activity was observed. The range of species affected included the entire known population of Schistidium deceptionense, an endemic moss known only from this site, as well as other very rare Antarctic mosses (Ditrichum ditrichoideum, Bryum orbiculatifolium, Bucklandiella subcrispipila, Pohlia wahlenbergii and Dicranella hookeri). A photomapping study was undertaken to characterize further the status of the site and monitor changes within it. Increased awareness, co-ordination of activities and a spatial zoning within the site could help mitigate damage from permitted activities. Nevertheless, prioritization of longer term conservation goals over short-term research interests may ultimately be necessary where local human impact cannot be managed by other means.

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