Enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in long-term benzodiazepine abusers

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Schmauss ◽  
J.-C. Krieg
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Withdrawal Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Dose Dependent Effect ◽  
Age And Sex

SynopsisIn 17 benzodiazepine (BDZ) dependent in-patients a CT scan was performed before initiation of withdrawal therapy. The evaluation of the ventricular to brain ratio (VBR) by standardized and computerized measurements revealed significantly higher mean VBRs for both high-and low-dose BDZ-dependent patients compared to the mean VBR of an age- and sex-matched control group. In addition, the mean VBR of high-dose BDZ-dependent patients (N = 8) was significantly higher than the mean VBR of low-dose BDZ-dependent patients (N = 9). This difference could not be accounted for by the age of the patients or duration of BDZ-dependency and, therefore, suggests a dose-dependent effect of BDZs on the enlargement of internal CSF-spaces. On the other hand, higher values for the width of external CSF-spaces were found to be related to increasing age of the patients and duration of BDZ-dependency.

scholarly journals Effect of Astragalus membranaceus Oral Solution on Lifespan and Learning and Memory Ability of Honey Bees

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tao Hong ◽  
Long-Xue Li ◽  
Xiao-ping Han ◽  
Jing-liang Shi ◽  
Cai-yun Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Astragalus Membranaceus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

In this study, the effects of Astragalus membranaceus oral solution on lifespan and learning and memory abilities of honey bees were evaluated. Two groups of bees were fed with sucrose syrup (50%) containing low dose (1.33%) and high dose (13.3%) of A. membranaceus oral solution, respectively. The proboscis extension response (PER) analysis was applied to examine the learning and memory capabilities of bees. Two genes related to memory formation in honey bees were determined by real-time PCR. High dose (13.3%) of A. membranaceus significantly decreased the mean lifespan of bees compared to the bees fed with low dose (1.33%) and control bees. No significant differences in lifespan of bees were found between low-dose-fed bees and control bees. The results of PER experiments showed apparent improvement in the memorizing ability of the high-dose group (in comparison with the control group). Moreover, the relative expression levels of Nmdar1 in the low-dose group and control group were significantly lower than those in the high-dose group. It is preliminarily concluded that A. membranaceus has an adverse effect on the mean lifespan of honey bees but might be helpful in strengthening memories.

Long-Term Effect of High-Dose Dexamethasone with or without Low-Dose Dexamethasone Maintenance in Untreated Immune Thrombocytopenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banhe Din ◽  
Xingwen Wang ◽  
Yuye Shi ◽  
Yufeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
High Dose Dexamethasone ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Group 2

Background: To tackle the problems associated with high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Aim: To compare the efficacy of HD-DXM with or without low-dose dexamethasone maintenance in untreated ITP patients. Results: Dexamethasone (40 mg/day) was given in 4-day pulses every 14 days for 3 cycles in 61 patients with ITP. Among them, 30 cases were given dexamethasone (0.035 mg/kg per day) for maintenance between pulsed HD-DXM and after 3 HD-DXM courses (HD-DXM-M group) and another 31 cases did not receive dexamethasone maintenance (HD-DXM-nM group). The control group comprised the patients who received prednisone (prednisone group). The following results were obtained: (1) at the end of the 3rd cycle, the overall response rate (ORR) was higher in the HD-DXM group than in the prednisone group; (2) the ORR of the HD-DXM group peaked after the 3rd cycle; (3) the ORR after each course was higher in the HD-DXM-M group than in the HD-DXM-nM group; (4) in the 12th month after HD-DXM discontinuation, the relapse rate of the HD-DXM-M group was lower than that of the other groups (prednisone and HD-DXM-nM). Conclusion: Treatment with 3 cycles of HD-DXM pulses with low-dose dexamethasone maintenance is an effective method for untreated ITP.

Effects of anesthetic agents on systemic critical O2 delivery

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Van der Linden ◽  
E. Gilbart ◽  
E. Engelman ◽  
D. Schmartz ◽  
J. L. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
O2 Extraction ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Intravenous Ketamine

The present study tested the hypothesis that anesthetic agents can alter tissue O2 extraction capabilities in a dog model of progressive hemorrhage. After administration of pentobarbital sodium (25 mg/kg iv) and endotracheal intubation, the dogs were paralyzed with pancuronium bromide, ventilated with room air, and splenectomized. A total of 60 dogs were randomized in 10 groups of 6 dogs each. The first group served as control (C). A second group (P) received a continuous infusion of pentobarbital (4 mg.kg-2.h-2), which was started immediately after the bolus dose. Three groups received enflurane (E), halothane (HL), or isoflurane (I) at the end-tidal concentration of 0.7 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). The sixth group received halothane at the end-tidal concentration of 1 MAC (HH). Two groups received intravenous alfentanil at relatively low dose (AL) or high dose (AH). The last two groups received intravenous ketamine at either relatively low dose (KL) or high dose (KH). In each group, O2 delivery (Do2) was progressively reduced by hemorrhage. At each step, systemic Do2 and O2 consumption (VO2) were measured separately and the critical point was determined from a plot of Vo2 vs. Do2. The critical O2 extraction ratio (OER) in the control group was 65.0 +/- 7.8%. OER was lower in all anesthetized groups (P, 44.3 +/- 11.8%; E, 47.0 +/- 7.7%; HL, 45.7 +/- 11.2%; I, 44.3 +/- 7.1%; HH, 33.7 +/- 6.0%; AL, 56.5 +/- 9.6%; AH, 43.5 +/- 5.9%; KH, 57.7 +/- 7.1%), except in the KL group (78.3 +/- 10.0%). The effects of halothane and alfentanil on critical OER were dose dependent (P less than 0.05), whereas critical OER was significantly lower in the KH than in the KL group. Moreover, the effects of anesthetic agents on critical Do2 appeared related to their effects on systemic vascular resistance. Anesthetic agents therefore alter O2 extraction by their peripheral vascular effects. However, ketamine, with its unique sympathetic stimulant properties, had a lesser effect on OER than the other anesthetic agents. It could therefore be the anesthetic agent of choice in clinical situations when O2 availability is reduced.

scholarly journals Study of the Long-Term and Dose Dependent Effects of Methylphenidate and Monosodium Glutamate on the Hormonal Alterations of the Pituitary-Testicular Axis and Sperm Analysis in Adolescence Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Azad ABDOLLAHZADEH ◽  
Davoud KIANIFARD ◽  
Gholamreza VAFAEI SAIAH
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Dose Dependent

Methylphenidate is one of the most common medications that used for maintaining alertness and improving of attention which, may lead to increase of the risk of substance abuse in some cases. Monosodium glutamate is a food additive which has toxic effects on human and animal’s tissues.  Due to the various side effects of methylphenidate and monosodium glutamate on the reproductive system, the aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term and dose dependent effects of these compounds on the reproductive system during adolescence through hormonal and sperm analysis. Low and high dose of methylphenidate and monosodium glutamate was administrated to adolescent rats for 60 days. Body and testicular weight measurement, pituitary gonadotropins and testosterone levels assays and sperm analysis was performed on euthanized animals. The results showed that, high dose of methylphenidate and low dose of monosodium glutamate and/or combination form of these two compounds have more effects on body and testicular weight alterations. Low dose of methylphenidate with high dose of monosodium glutamate influenced some alterations in follicle stimulating hormone. The distinct use of methylphenidate and monosodium glutamate led to slight elevation in sperm count but simultaneous use of these compounds led to significant elevation of sperm count. The administration of these compounds had negative effect on sperm motility and viability. It has been concluded that, coadministration of methylphenidate and monosodium glutamate through the influence of brain-pituitary-testicular axis and induction of some hormonal alterations may lead to changes in normal function of reproductive system

Hepatic oxidative damage and Nrf2 pathway protein changes in rats following long-term manganese exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Xia Wang ◽  
Xubo Shen ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Qin Yu ◽  
Shimin Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Liver Structure

This study investigated hepatic oxidative damage in rats following long-term manganese (Mn) exposure and clarified the underlying mechanisms. Forty-eight rats (SPF, male) were randomly assigned to receive low (10 mg/kg, n = 16) or high doses of Mn (50 mg/kg, n = 16) or sterilized distilled water (control group, n = 16). Rats were euthanized after 12 months, and liver Mn levels and histopathological changes were determined. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) levels were also determined. The Mn concentration and relative liver weights were significantly higher in the high-dose Mn group than in the control and low-dose Mn exposure groups. Low-dose Mn exposure resulted in mild expansion of hepatic sinuses and intact nuclei, whereas high-dose exposure led to pathological alterations in hepatocytes. High-dose Mn treatment significantly increased AST, ALT, and MDA activities and decreased GSH-PX activity. Additionally, liver Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein expression were markedly reduced by Mn exposure. Under the study conditions, long-term low-dose Mn exposure resulted in slight pathological changes in liver structure, but high-dose Mn exposure affected both liver structure and function, which might be related to the inhibition of Nrf2 expression, suppression of the transcription of its underlying antioxidant genes, and down regulation of the corresponding proteins. Consequently, the antioxidant capacity in the rat liver was weakened.

scholarly journals Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana CR Ribeiro ◽  
Elisa H Hawkins ◽  
Fay M Jahr ◽  
Joseph L McClay ◽  
Laxmikant S Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include commonly used pesticides and also chemical warfare agents, and mechanistically they are potent inhibitors of the cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme. While a chronic low-dose OP exposure does not produce acute cholinergic crises, epidemiological studies report long-term neuropsychiatric issues including depression and cognitive impairments in OP-exposed individuals. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide. Multiple laboratory studies have reported on either the long-term behavioral effect of a single, high-dose CPF or studied sub-chronic behavioral effects particularly the motor and cognitive effects of repeated low-dose CPF exposure. However, studies on chronic mood and depression-related morbidities following repeated sub-threshold CPF doses that would mimic occupationally-relevant OP exposures are lacking. Here, adult male rats were injected with CPF (1, 3, 5, or 10 mg/kg/d, s.c.) for 21-days. Dependent on the CPF dose, ChE activity was inhibited approximately 60-80% in the blood and about 20-50% in the hippocampus at 2-days after the end of CPF exposures. Following an 11-week washout period, CPF-treated rats exhibited a dose-dependent increase in signs of anhedonia (sucrose preference test), anxiety (open-field and elevated plus-maze), and despair (forced swim test) despite a complete recovery of ChE activity at this stage. We speculate that both cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms could play a role in the development of chronic OP-related depressive outcomes. The proposed CPF exposure paradigm could provide an ideal model to further study molecular mechanisms underlying cause and effect relationships between environmental OP exposures and the development of chronic behavioral deficits.

scholarly journals Long-term vitamin C supplementation has no markedly favourable effect on serum lipids in middle-aged Japanese subjects

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Kyung Kim ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki ◽  
Shizuka Sasazuki ◽  
Shunji Okubo ◽  
Masato Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Vitamin C Supplementation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Dose Vitamin ◽  
Β Carotene

Antioxidant vitamins have been reported to be associated with an improvement in blood lipid profiles, but results are not consistent. The present study was designed to determine whether long-term vitamin C supplementation could alter serum lipid concentrations in subjects who completed a 5-year population-based double-blind intervention trial. A total of 439 Japanese subjects with atrophic gastritis initially participated in the trial using vitamin C and β-carotene to prevent gastric cancer. Before and upon early termination of β-carotene supplementation, 134 subjects dropped out of the trial; finally, 161 subjects assigned to the high-dose group (500 mg vitamin C/d) and 144 subjects assigned to the low-dose group (50 mg vitamin C/d) were studied. No favourable effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol was observed, although high-dose vitamin C supplementation increased serum vitamin C concentrations substantially. Among women, the mean change in serum triacylglycerol decreased (−0·12 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·32, 0·09) in the high-dose group, but increased (+0·12 mmol/l, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·22) in the low-dose group. In addition, the mean change in serum triacylglycerol among women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia was statistically significant (−1·21, 95 % CI −2·38, −0·05) after high-dose vitamin C supplementation. The 5-year vitamin C supplementation had no markedly favourable effects on the serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. However, our present results do not preclude the possibility that vitamin C supplementation may decrease triacylglycerol concentrations among women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia.

Comparing major joint injuries, interventions and late sequelae in elite male handball players with an age-matched control group

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Vogel ◽  
Vilijam Zdravkovic ◽  
Michael Badulescu ◽  
Gábor J. Puskás ◽  
Bernhard Jost
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Recreational Sports ◽  
Late Sequelae ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Matched Control Group ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Introduction Handball is a contact sport which involves throwing and jumping, exposing players to serious physical stress. There is a high risk of injuries leading to possible long-term sequelae. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in elite male handball players compared with an age-matched control group. Patients and methods Former elite handball players, who had played on the Swiss national team between 1980 and 1985, answered a questionnaire about injuries, surgical interventions and their current health status. A total of 34 athletes were compared with 58 age-matched volunteers, who only engaged in recreational sports or no sports at all. Results The mean age of the athletes was 58.4 years (range 52–68 years) and did not differ significantly from the mean age of the control group of 58.7 years (range 53–69 years). In the control group, 70 % engaged in recreational sports. There was no statistical difference regarding the life-long incidence of shoulder injuries and surgical interventions, sequelae or persistent shoulder pain. Athletes had more interventions after elbow injuries (0.09 vs. 0, p = 0.047), but the difference with respect to chronic pain or late sequelae was not statistically significant. For knee injuries, there were no significant differences regarding the incidence of injuries or interventions, the prevalence of secondary consequences or persistent pain. Concerning the foot and ankle, there was a significantly higher incidence of injuries (0.5 vs. 0.03, p < 0.001) and interventions (0.5 vs. 0.09, p < 0.001) in athletes, but no statistical difference regarding sequelae or persistent pain. Overall quality of life had identical ratings in both groups (athletes mean 85.9 %, controls mean 85.8 %). Discussion Top handball players did not sustain more shoulder or knee injuries than the age-matched control group. The elbow was more at risk in these top athletes, but long-term consequences appeared to be less severe. The most distinctive difference was seen in foot and ankle injuries. Conclusions A career as an elite handball player had no adverse effect on the overall quality of life of elite handball players 25 to 30 years after retiring from professional sports.

scholarly journals Dose-dependent effects of adalimumab in neonatal rats with hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced intestinal damage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Kocamaz ◽  
Özmert MA Özdemir ◽  
Nilay Şen Türk ◽  
Yaşar Enli ◽  
Barbaros Şahin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Intestinal Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Hypoxia Reoxygenation

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has an important role in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced intestinal damage. It was shown that blocking TNF-α with infliximab has beneficial effects on experimental necrotizing enterocolitis and hypoxic intestinal injury. However, there is no data about the effect of adalimumab on H/R-induced intestinal damage. Therefore, we aimed to determine potential dose-dependent benefits of adalimumab in such damage in neonatal rats. Wistar albino rat pups were assigned to one of the four groups: control group, hypoxia group, low-dose adalimumab (5 mg/kg/day) treated group (LDAT), and high-dose adalimumab (50 mg/kg/day) treated group (HDAT). On the fourth day of the experiment, all rats except for the control group were exposed to H/R followed by euthanasia. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant capacity (TOC) were measured in intestinal tissue. TAC and TOC values were used to calculate the oxidative stress index (OSI). Histopathological injury scores (HIS) were also evaluated in the tissue samples. MDA levels were significantly lower in the LDAT and HDAT groups (p < 0.001). TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the LDAT group (p < 0.001). OSI was significantly higher in the H/R group than in the control and LDAT groups (p < 0.001). Mean HIS values in the LDAT group were significantly lower than those in the H/R and HDAT groups (p < 0.001). This experimental study showed that low-dose adalimumab appears to have a beneficial effect on intestinal injury induced with H/R in neonatal rats.

scholarly journals The effect of red wine extract, resveratrol, on the degree and rate of orthodontic tooth movement in guinea pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Isidro Alex C. Urriquia ◽  
Lotus D. Llavore
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

ObjectiveAn animal trial, its protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the U.P. National Institutes of Health (IACUC Protocol No. 2010-008), was employed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the degree and rate of orthodontic tooth movement in guinea pigs.Materials and MethodsEighteen male adult guinea pigs were randomly allocated into 3 groups: low dose, high dose, and control groups. A 0.016″ titanium molybdenum alloy wire formed into a helical torsion spring with a coil, with the loops cemented onto the maxillary incisors of the animals, served as the orthodontic appliance. Daily oral administration of resveratrol was provided to the low dose (0.047 mg/kg) and high dose (0.47 mg/kg) groups, while water was provided to the control group. Measurements were taken everyday at the interproximal area at the level of the incisal edge using a measuring caliper.ResultsThe results of the ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences in the mean measurements of tooth separation among the three groups from day 2 (P=0.966) to day 8 (P=0.056). However, starting from day 9 (P=0.049) until day 18 (P=0.000), there was a significant difference in the mean tooth separation among the test groups.ConclusionUsing the LSD, it was noted that the low dose and the high dose groups have similar degrees of mean tooth separation, with the control group being significantly different from the two.

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