Sex biases in mental health scales: do women tend to report less serious symptoms and confide more than men?

SynopsisWomen report more symptoms than men in mental health surveys. The evidence shows that psychometric biases cannot explain this significant difference. This study attempts to explore other factors that could bias the results – for example, that women are likely to report less serious symptoms than men or are less apprehensive in reporting symptoms because they have a higher tendency to report symptoms than men. A random sample of 213 women and 222 men, all married and between the age of 25 and 40, were interviewed at home in two districts of Montreal (Canada) and given the Health Opinion Survey (HOS). As has been usually found, women scored higher than men on the HOS. A variety of scales assessed the seriousness of the symptoms and the results did not indicate any sex difference in this regard. Moreover, there was no correlation between the mental health and the Jourard Self-Confidence Scale. Finally, women did not confide more about their symptoms than men, contrary to the prevalent opinion according to which they are more likely to do so. Sex differences on mental health scales do not, therefore, appear to be related to the type of bias assessed in this survey.

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Mental Health and Marital Adjustment among Working and Non Working Women

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0104.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Sonalba G. Parmar

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Random Sample ◽

Marital Adjustment ◽

Working Women ◽

T Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Status

The study was conducted to assess the status of mental health and marital adjustment of the working and non working women. The random sample consisted of 30 working women and 30 non working women selected. Mental Health Inventory by Dr. A.K. Shreevastav and Dr. Jagdish and marital adjustment inventory by P. Kumar and K. Rohatgi. Here t’ test was applied to check the significance of mental health and marital adjustment in working and non working women. The result shows that there is a significant difference between working and non working women in mental health and marital adjustment so the Hypothesis is not accepted.

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Sex Differences in Self-Confidence as a Function of Feedback and Social Cues

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1977.41.3.1007 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 1007-1010 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Virginia Brabender ◽

Susan K. Boardman

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Social Cues ◽

The Other ◽

Matching Task ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Experimental Trials ◽

Female Subjects

Sex differences in self-confidence were assessed by measuring the discrepancy between 20 male and 20 female subjects' perceived and actual reaction times (RTs) in a matching task. Subjects judged whether or not two letters were the same. After each trial, perceived and actual RTs were recorded. Whereas half of the subjects received RT feedback from the experimenter after the experimental trials, the other half did not. Half of the subjects were given a standard by which to evaluate their own performance and the other half were not. The absence of a significant difference between the actual RTs of 20 male and 20 female subjects indicates that they were equally efficient in matching letters. However, the extent to which subjects would underestimate their RTs was sex-dependent: without RT feedback, women underestimated their actual RTs more than men. In contrast to previous findings, relative to men, women exhibited no tendency to devaluate their performance.

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Study of the Concepts of Athletic Identity and Continuous Sport Self-Confidence in the Light of Various Variables

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v5i13.2901 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (13) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Mustafa Önder Şekeroğlu

Keyword(s):

Personal Information ◽

Athletic Identity ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Study Group ◽

Self Confidence ◽

National Representation ◽

Spare Time ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Confidence Scale

This study was planned and conducted for the purpose of examining the relationship between the concepts of athletic identity and continuous sport self-confidence within the framework of various variables. The study group is comprised of 125 sportsmen of different branches, located at the Ankara Eryaman Olympics Preparation Centre. Along with a personal information form, the participants were subjected to the "Athletic Identity Scale" developed by Brewer and Cornelius (2001) in order to measure the athletic identity roles, as well as the "Continuous Sport Self-Confidence Scale," which is a sub-dimension of the measurement tool developed by Vealey (1986) in order to assess sport confidence. In this study, while no significant difference was found between the total points for continuous sport self-confidence according to gender, a significant difference was found between the athletic identity points. No statistically significant difference was found between the total points for continuous sport self-confidence and athletic identity according to their branches, number of national representation and their years of sport. In the meanwhile, it was found that 64% of the sportsmen in the research group were satisfied with their relations with their parents, while 52% were satisfied with their relations with their friends. It was found that 40% of the sportsmen were satisfied with how they used their spare time, and 48% were satisfied with their success in their studies.

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Analysis of the Trait Sportive Self-Confidence in Team Sports According to Demographic Variances

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v7i4.4068 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Mustafa Yaşar Şahin ◽

Alpay Bülbül ◽

Ercan Karaoğlu

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Team Sports ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Status ◽

High Level ◽

Descriptive Survey ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Confidence Scale

This research was conducted to determine the level of athletes' trait sportive confidence and to compare them in terms of demographic variances. In the research which is in the model descriptive survey, Trait Sportive Self Confidence Scale developed by Vealey (1986) was used as data collection tool. Based on typical sampling method of purposive sampling methods, this research sample is consisted of 279 athletes playing in Ptofessional Football League and female-male Volleyball League in Turkey in 2017-2018 season. In the evaluation of the research data, the assumptions of the tests were examined primarily; for unrelated measurements, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (One Way ANOVA) and Kruskal Wallis test. As a result of the research it was determinated that the trait sportive self-confidences of the athlethes were at a high level. When the findings of the study were evaluated in terms of demographic variables, it was determined that there was a significant difference according to the age or the status of the league played.

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Effect of realistic simulation combined to theory on self-confidence and satisfaction of nursing professionals

Escola Anna Nery ◽

10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2018-0270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hanna Clara Teixeira Mesquita ◽

Breno de Sousa Santana ◽

Marcia Cristina da Silva Magro

Keyword(s):

Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Simulation Strategy ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Combined Simulation ◽

Nursing Professionals ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Confidence Scale

Abstract Objective: To compare the effect of the use of the simulation strategy combined to theory with the simulation, per se, on the gain of self-confidence in nursing professionals during the management of the patient in cardiopulmonary arrest. Method: Quasi-experimental study with pre and post-tests, quantitative approach. Convenience sample composed of 53 professionals, divided into a control and experimental groups. The strategy was the intervention. A structured questionnaire and the satisfaction and self-confidence scale were used for data collection. Results with p≤0.05 were considered significant. Results: Professionals were predominantly young (33.2 ± 6.5 years) and females (84.9%). In the experimental group there was no significant difference (p=0.1 vs p=0.4), but self-confidence increased significantly among the professionals in the experimental group in relation to the control (p=0.007 vs p=0.06). Conclusion: The level of self-confidence of the nursing professionals for patient care in cardiopulmonary arrest improved significantly after using the combined simulation theory.

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Investigation of the relationship between athlete identity perception, courage and self-confidenceSporcu kimlik algısı ile cesaret ve özgüven duyguları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4353 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 6176 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zülbiye Kaçay ◽

Yusuf Can

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Inner Self ◽

Identity Perception ◽

The Relationship ◽

Confidence Scale

The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between courage and self-confidence together with an athlete identity perception. In the study, it was also tested whether there were differences in athlete identity perception, courage and self-esteem in terms of age, gender, sport year, sports field and education level.A total of 156 athletes (79 male and 77 female), selected by random sampling methods accepted to participate voluntarily in the research.Athletic Identity Perception Scale, Courage Scale and Self-Confidence Scale were used as a research tool.According to the results of the research, a strong positive correlation was found between sense of athlete identity, courage and inner self-esteem. However, there was no significant relationship between sense of athlete identity and external self-esteem.On the other hand, while no significant difference was determined between courageand internal self-confidence in terms of gender (p>0,05), significant difference was determined in external self-confidence in terms of gender (p <0,05). The results of the study showed that female athletes had a higher sense of external self-esteem than male athletes. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, sporcu kimlik algısı ile cesaret ve özgüven duyguları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada ayrıca, sporcuların sporcu kimlik algısı, cesaret ve öz güven duygularında yaş, cinsiyet, spor yılı, spor dalı ve eğitim düzeyi açısından anlamlı farklılıkların bulunup bulunmadığı test edilmiştir.Araştırmaya, tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen ve araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden altı farklı spor dalından 79 erkek ve 77 kadın sporcu olmak üzere toplam 156 sporcu katılmıştır.Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Sporcu Kimlik Algısı Ölçeği, Cesaret ölçeği ve Özgüven Ölçeği kullanılmıştır.Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, sporcu kimlik algısı ile cesaret ve iç özgüven duygusu arasında güçlü bir pozitif ilişki bulunmuştur. Ancak sporcu kimlik algısı ile dış özgüven duygusu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır.Diğer taraftan, sporcuların sporcu kimlik algısı, cesaret ve iç öz güven duygularında cinsiyet açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken (p>0,05), dış özgüven duygusunda cinsiyet açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Araştırma sonuçları, kadın sporcuların erkek sporculardan daha yüksek dış özgüven duygusuna sahip olduklarını göstermektedir.

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