Cerebral function and the EEG in psychiatric disorder: a hypothesis

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Shaw

SynopsisIndependent studies which showed a difference between the EEG frequency spectra of test and control groups have been compared. Some of the test groups included schizophrenic patients, others comprised groups with dyslexia, reading disability and left preference. The EEG differences between the test and control groups are shown to be similar across the studies. It is suggested that the common attribute of the test groups relates to the functional organisation of the brain and that investigation of EEG correlates of this phenomenon may be of value to research into the biological basis of psychiatric illness.

2020 ◽  
pp. 120347542098255
Author(s):  
Kayadri Ratnarajah ◽  
Michelle Le ◽  
Anastasiya Muntyanu ◽  
Steve Mathieu ◽  
Simon Nigen ◽  
...  

Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody against the common receptor of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, was the first biologic therapy approved in Canada for treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). While it is considered safe and effective, dupilumab is not universally effective and 8%-38% of patients develop conjunctivitis, while some patients develop head and neck dermatitis. Thus, new therapeutic options are warranted. While both IL-4 and IL-13 play important roles in the pathogenesis of AD, it has been recently demonstrated that IL-13 is the primary upregulated cytokine in AD skin biopsy samples. A placebo-controlled phase 2b clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, an IL-13 inhibitor, in AD demonstrated that, at 16 weeks, Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) 75 and Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) 0/1 were achieved by 60.6% and 44.6% of patients taking lebrikizumab at its highest dose (vs 24.3% and 15.3% of patients taking placebo, respectively). Moreover, treatment with lebrikizumab was associated with rapid improvement of pruritus and low rates of conjunctivitis (1.4%-3.8%). Another IL-13 monoclonal antibody, tralokinumab, was evaluated for safety and efficacy in moderate-to-severe AD. By week 12, among adults receiving 300 mg tralokinumab, 42.5% achieved EASI-75 and 26.7% achieved IGA 0/1 score (vs 15.5% and 11.8% in the placebo group, respectively). Both lebrikizumab and tralokinumab demonstrated acceptable safety profiles in AD (and non-AD) trials with adverse events often being comparable between treatment and control groups. Thus, IL-13 inhibitors may provide a safe and effective treatment alternative for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.


1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (562) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Rosenthal ◽  
Llewellyn B. Bigelow

Despite extensive gross and microscopic scrutiny, no consistent pathological findings have emerged from studies of autopsy material from schizophrenic patients. Dunlap (1924) carried out the first controlled study involving schizophrenic and control brains and concluded that ‘there was not even a suspicion of consistent organic brain disease as a basis for the psychosis of schizophrenia’. More recently both Wolf and Cowen (1952), and Weinstein (1954), reviewed the neuropathological literature and concluded that there were no consistent findings at autopsy that could be construed as characteristic of schizophrenia. These authors felt that earlier claims were based on failure to appreciate the range of normal variation in the brain as well as a failure to include an adequate control population in the study.


1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Furlong ◽  
Paul Barczak ◽  
Gwilym Hayes ◽  
Graham Harding

The SSEPs obtained from 19 schizophrenics defined by RDC, DSM–III and PSE criteria Were compared with those from a control group of healthy volunteers. Previous findings of an abnormal lack of lateralising response in schizophrenic patients were not replicated. No significant difference in either amplitude or morphology between the traces obtained from the two groups were recorded. Ipsilateral and contralateral latencies for stimulation of the left and right index finger showed no significant difference in peak latency for any component between patient and control group. When mean peak-to-peak amplitudes were plotted the contralateral component was always greater in amplitude than the ipsilateral one. An objective measure of the degree of lateralisation, the percentage lateralisation quotient, showed no lateralisation differences between the patient and control groups. A case of myogenic contamination of ipsilateral components was observed calling into doubt findings where no temporal region monitoring has been performed.


2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecília Maria de Carvalho Xavier Holanda ◽  
Monique Batista da Costa ◽  
Natália Chilinque Zambão da Silva ◽  
Maurício Ferreira da Silva Júnior ◽  
Vanessa Santos de Arruda Barbosa ◽  
...  

PURPOSE: Aloe vera is a tropical plant popularly known in Brazil as babosa. We have investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on the biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 and laboratorial parameters in Wistar rats. METHODS: Twelve animals were divided into treated and control groups. In the treated group, Aloe vera was given by gavage (5mg/mL/day) during 10 days. The control group received sorbitol by the same way and period. One hour after the last dose, we injected 0.1mL of Na99mTcO4 by orbital plexus. After 60 min, all the animals were killed. Samples were harvested from the brain, liver, heart, muscle, pancreas, stomach, femur, kidneys, blood, testis and thyroid and the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI/g) was determined. Biochemical dosages were performed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of %ATI/g in blood, femur, kidneys, liver, stomach, testis and thyroid and also in blood levels of AST and ALT. A significant decrease in levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea occurred. The statistical analyses were performed by Mann-Whitney test and T-Student test (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Aloe vera facilitated the uptake of Na99mTcO4 in organs of rats and it was responsible to a high increase of levels of AST and ALT.


1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (5) ◽  
pp. 636-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Morrison-Stewart ◽  
Peter C. Williamson ◽  
William C. Corning ◽  
Stanley P. Kutcher ◽  
Harold Merskey

Thirty schizophrenic patients (20 medicated, 10 off medication) were compared with 30 normal control subjects matched for age, sex, handedness, and intelligence. During the performance of left-hemisphere cognitive activation tasks, normal subjects had significantly increased EEG alpha coherence in areas related to left focal frontal sites, with decreases in temporal and posterior areas. Schizophrenic patients did not show the same degree of focal activation of left frontal areas. During the performance of right-hemisphere cognitive activation tasks, normal subjects and schizophrenic patients had similar patterns of right posterior increases in alpha coherence. Discriminant analyses were able to classify 81.4% of all subjects correctly. It is suggested that the findings indicate an aberrant functional organisation of the brain in schizophrenia, particularly affecting the left hemisphere.


1977 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Shaw ◽  
K. P. O'Connor ◽  
C. Ongley

SummaryEvidence suggests that anomalies of functional organization in the brain may be present in some psychiatric disorders and that EEG differences between psychiatric patients and appropriate control groups may depend on them. It is therefore of practical importance to develop further ways of examining the association between the EEG and such organization. The change in inter-hemisphere coherence (a measure of EEG synchronicity) in the alpha frequency band when carrying out a task is shown to discriminate a group of 11 right from 11 left preferent normal individuals. Since right and left preference is associated with differences in cerebral functional organization, the coherence measure may be a useful way of studying this feature of psychiatric illness.


2022 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 686-701
Author(s):  
Magda Hamid KAMBASH ◽  
Nidal Fadel ABBAS ◽  
Esraa Fadel ABBAS

The use of modern teaching strategies aims to develop the practices of ‎female learners inside and outside the classroom, which contributes to ‎changing the role of the student from a negative role to a positive role in ‎general. Therefore, learning strategies have become involved in the ‎application of many educational and teaching programs and curricula, as ‎they greatly help in conveying information to the learner. With less ‎effort and time, except that the material to be learned is theoretical or ‎practical. In light of what the current era is witnessing of a huge ‎knowledge explosion and a wide technological revolution that covered ‎various areas of life, it has become necessary for researchers to be ‎interested in searching for ways to ensure the development of thinking ‎among learners, which is one of the foundations of correct learning, ‎some strategies, means and methods used in the learning process help. ‎To bring the learner to a stage where he can access knowledge on their ‎own by applying that knowledge and using it to overcome the problems ‎they face in their daily lives. He has to use different and multiple ‎methods and methods, and this requires him to be familiar with how ‎learning takes place, and how the teaching methods and means used ‎affect the speed of achieving the goal of the learning process and the ‎success of applying the educational curriculum and achieving its goals‏.‏ One of the features of the modern era is technological progress in ‎various fields and situations of life, as rapid change has become a feature ‎of the era in which we live. There is no doubt that its use affects all ‎aspects of life, including education and teaching, and with this clear ‎progress in the level of mastery of learning skills in sports events around ‎the world, it has become necessary to use learning strategies in ‎programs and curricula for teaching and teaching physical education and ‎learning basic skills for all games and events Sports, including volleyball‏.‏ The researchers found the lack of use of modern strategies in the ‎educational process, and despite their active role in learning basic skills ‎using modern methods, it requires the presence of exercises that ‎contribute to learning basic skills in volleyball, whose weakness emerged ‎from the research sample, which casts a clear shadow on the ‎performance and levels of learners. The aim of the research is to prepare ‎special exercises According to the brain-based learning strategy in ‎learning some basic volleyball skills for students of the second average, ‎and to identify the effect of special exercises according to the brain-‎based learning strategy in learning some basic volleyball skills for ‎students of the second average, and to identify the preference of the ‎experimental and control groups in learning some basic volleyball skills ‎for female students. The second is average. The researchers used the ‎experimental approach for the experimental and control groups, and the ‎research sample was represented by (30) students, then the sample was ‎divided into an experimental group of (15) female students and a control ‎group of (15) female students.


Author(s):  
JEN-FENG WANG ◽  
CHEN-LIANG LIN ◽  
CHEN-WEN YEN ◽  
YUNG-HSIEN CHANG ◽  
TENG-YI CHEN ◽  
...  

Early detection and intervention strategies for schizophrenia are receiving increasingly more attention. Dermatoglyphic patterns, such as the degree of asymmetry of the fingerprints, have been hypothesized to be indirect measures for early abnormal developmental processes that can lead to later psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. However, previous results have been inconsistent in trying to establish the association between dermatoglyphics and schizophrenia. The goal of this work is to try to resolve this problem by borrowing well-developed techniques from the field of fingerprint matching. Two dermatoglyphic asymmetry measures are proposed that draw on the orientation field of homologous fingers. To test the capability of these measures, fingerprint images were acquired digitally from 40 schizophrenic patients and 51 normal individuals. Based on these images, no statistically significant association between conventional dermatoglyphic asymmetry measures and schizophrenia was found. In contrast, the sample means of the proposed measures consistently identified the patient group as having a higher degree of asymmetry than the control group. These results suggest that the proposed measures are promising for detecting the dermatoglyphic patterns that can differentiate the patient and control groups.


2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W Young

The fact that the face is a source of diverse social signals allows us to use face and person perception as a model system for asking important psychological questions about how our brains are organised. A key issue concerns whether we rely primarily on some form of generic representation of the common physical source of these social signals (the face) to interpret them, or instead create multiple representations by assigning different aspects of the task to different specialist components. Variants of the specialist components hypothesis have formed the dominant theoretical perspective on face perception for more than three decades, but despite this dominance of formally and informally expressed theories, the underlying principles and extent of any division of labour remain uncertain. Here, I discuss three important sources of constraint: first, the evolved structure of the brain; second, the need to optimise responses to different everyday tasks; and third, the statistical structure of faces in the perceiver’s environment. I show how these constraints interact to determine the underlying functional organisation of face and person perception.


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