Quantitative Brain Measurements in Chronic Schizophrenia

1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (562) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Rosenthal ◽  
Llewellyn B. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Autopsy Material ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Brain Measurements ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Despite extensive gross and microscopic scrutiny, no consistent pathological findings have emerged from studies of autopsy material from schizophrenic patients. Dunlap (1924) carried out the first controlled study involving schizophrenic and control brains and concluded that ‘there was not even a suspicion of consistent organic brain disease as a basis for the psychosis of schizophrenia’. More recently both Wolf and Cowen (1952), and Weinstein (1954), reviewed the neuropathological literature and concluded that there were no consistent findings at autopsy that could be construed as characteristic of schizophrenia. These authors felt that earlier claims were based on failure to appreciate the range of normal variation in the brain as well as a failure to include an adequate control population in the study.

Neurologic Associations With Cardiac, Pulmonary, Renal, Hepatobiliary, and Hematologic Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1160-1169
Author(s):  
Shivram Kumar ◽  
Kelly D. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Psychomotor Slowing ◽  
Neurologic Manifestation ◽  
Organic Dysfunction ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Degenerative Dementia ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Neurologically Normal ◽  
The Brain

The brain has a higher demand for cardiac output than any other organ, and it strictly relies on oxygen and glucose metabolism. Consequently, the brain is exquisitely sensitive to homeostatic disturbances and extraneural organ dysfunction leading to cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hepatobiliary, and hematologic diseases. The primary neurologic manifestation of extraneural organic dysfunction is diffuse bihemispheric dysfunction or encephalopathy, which often lacks lateralizing or localizing signs. Common clinical findings are lethargy, difficulty with attention and orientation, sleep-wake disturbance, and psychomotor slowing. As organic dysfunction progresses, a moderate encephalopathy ensues, with worsening cognitive function, gross disorientation, hypoactive or hyperactive psychomotor state, frontal release signs, asterixis, and myoclonus. If organ failure (eg, hepatic or renal) progresses further, stupor and coma may result unless organ function improves. Patients with underlying organic brain disease from degenerative dementia can decompensate out of proportion to neurologically normal counterparts, resulting in encephalopathy even from minor organ dysfunction or infection.

Propranolol in Chronic Schizophrenia: A Controlled Study in Neuroleptic-Treated Patients

1980 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif H. Lindström ◽  
Eva Persson
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Rating ◽  
Psychiatric Rating Scale ◽  
High Doses

The effect of propranolol at a dose level of 1,280–1,920 mg per day was studied with a double-blind crossover design in twelve chronic schizophrenics with persistent psychotic symptoms despite maintenance treatment with a depot neuroleptic. By use of a psychiatric rating scale (CPRS), an improvement was seen during the two week period of propranolol compared to placebo treatment in six patients, whereas three patients were unchanged and three deteriorated. The effect on total symptom scores for the whole group was significantly better after propranolol. The data indicate that propranolol in high doses has an antipsychotic effect in some schizophrenic patients when receiving neuroleptics.

Regional Brain Metabolism During Auditory Hallucinations in Chronic Schizophrenia

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Cleghorn ◽  
E. S. Garnett ◽  
C. Nahmias ◽  
G. M. Brown ◽  
R. D. Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Broca’S Region ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Controls

Regions of the brain involved in language and attention were studied using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose in PET. In nine chronic DSM–III schizophrenic patients who had persistent auditory hallucinations, ten who had recovered from hallucinations and ten normal controls. In none of the regions examined was metabolic activity significantly different in hallucinating patients compared with that in other groups. However, a pattern of seven significant correlations of metabolic activity between language regions and between frontal and parietal cortex characterised the hallucinating but not the other groups. Three of the seven correlations were significantly greater in hallucinating patients than in the two other groups, and six were greater in hallucinating patients than controls. Metabolism in Broca's region and its right-hemisphere homologue correlated positively and significantly in the hallucinating group, as it did in anterior cingulate and left superior temporal areas, and in right frontal and parietal areas. Hallucination ratings correlated with metabolism in the anterior cingulate region.

A controlled study of 99mTc-HMPAO single-photon emission imaging in chronic schizophrenia

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Lewis ◽  
R. A. Ford ◽  
G. M. Syed ◽  
A. M. Reveley ◽  
B. K. Toone
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Word Fluency ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Fluency Task

SYNOPSISRegional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a word fluency task was compared in twenty-five male, right-handed, medicated schizophrenic patients and twenty-five age-matched male, right-handed healthy volunteers, using 99mtechnetium-HMPAO multidetector single-photon emission tomography. Increased rCBF in caudate and thalamus was found in patients, probably secondary to neuroleptic medication. Patients showed decreased rCBF in left frontal cortical regions and increased rCBF in left posterior cortical regions, compared to controls. Patterns of left-sided frontal rCBF dominance in controls were reversed in patients, as were normal patterns of right-sided parietal rCBF dominance. Negative symptom score correlated inversely with mesial frontal rCBF, particularly on the left.

Blood Bromine in the Psychoses

1935 ◽  
Vol 81 (332) ◽  
pp. 173-183
Author(s):  
T. J. Hennelly ◽  
E. D. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Bromine Content ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Refined Technique

Early investigators differed widely in their estimations of the bromine content of normal blood (1, 2), and it was not until the development of a refined technique by Bernhardt and Ucko (3) that it was generally recognized that blood bromine varied around 1 mgrm. %. These authors gave a range of 1.0 to 1.6 mgrm. %. Their studies, however, were not extensive. During 1931–3 Zondek and Bier (4, 5, 6) published the results of a series of investigations into the bromine content of the blood of normal and psychotic patients. From a study of 150 mentally normal patients they considered that blood bromine usually varied between 0.8 and 1.0 mgrm. %, a range later extended to 0.731.10 mgrm. % as a result of further study. In a large number of psychotics examined by them, values lying within these limits were found with the notable exception that 85%-90% of 60 cases of endogenous manic-depressive psychoses gave figures 40% to 60% below their normal levels (Zondek, 1933) (6). These low figures appeared only to be associated with this psychosis, although of the 16 cases of schizophrenia examined by them, 5 gave figures lower than the normal. They stated that in these 5 cases the mental picture was characterized by more or less marked depression, and they considered the possibility of their ultimately turning out to be manic-depressive in character. In a later paper, three examples are cited of low blood bromine associated with organic brain disease, and thought to be due to interference with a bromine-regulating centre in the brain. The low values found in manic-depressive psychoses were shown to be independent of the phase, and it was stated that values in general were not subject to seasonal variations, to menstrual fluctuations, or to alterations due to variable salt intake.

Cerebral function and the EEG in psychiatric disorder: a hypothesis

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Functional Organisation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

SynopsisIndependent studies which showed a difference between the EEG frequency spectra of test and control groups have been compared. Some of the test groups included schizophrenic patients, others comprised groups with dyslexia, reading disability and left preference. The EEG differences between the test and control groups are shown to be similar across the studies. It is suggested that the common attribute of the test groups relates to the functional organisation of the brain and that investigation of EEG correlates of this phenomenon may be of value to research into the biological basis of psychiatric illness.

Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia, Affective Disorder and Organic Brain Disease

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Abrams ◽  
Joel Redfield ◽  
Michael Alan Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
Cerebral Dysfunction ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Organic Brain

SummaryWe used the Wechsler Adult Itelligence Scale (WAIS) to study a sample of patients with affective disorder (N = 52), schizophrenia (N = 17) and organic brain disease (N = 8). Schizophrenic patients had lower verbal, performance and full-scale IQs than patients with affective disorder, but were no different from those with organic brain disease. An individual WAIS subscale analysis showed that, compared with affectives, schizophrenics had relatively poorer performance on language than non-language tasks.These differences were independent of age, sex, handedness, educational level or drug administration and are consistent with a variety of studies demonstrating significant cerebral dysfunction in carefully diagnosed schizophrenic patients.

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF TUBULIN IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN CONTROL, SCHIZOPHRENIA AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Burbaeva G.Sh. ◽  
Androsova L.V. ◽  
Vorobyeva E.A. ◽  
Savushkina O.K.
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Nephelometric Method ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of polymerization of tubulin into microtubules and determine the level of colchicine binding (colchicine-binding activity of tubulin) in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, vascular dementia (VD) and control. Colchicine-binding activity of tubulin was determined by Sherlinе in tubulin-enriched extracts of proteins from the samples. Measurement of light scattering during the polymerization of the tubulin was carried out using the nephelometric method at a wavelength of 450-550 nm. There was a significant decrease in colchicine-binding activity and the rate of tubulin polymerization in the prefrontal cortex in both diseases, and in VD to a greater extent than in schizophrenia. The obtained results suggest that not only in Alzheimer's disease, but also in other mental diseases such as schizophrenia and VD, there is a decrease in the level of tubulin in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, although to a lesser extent than in Alzheimer's disease, and consequently the amount of microtubules.

scholarly journals Neuron–Glia Interactions in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Affect the Synaptic Balance in 2D and Organoid Cultures

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Stephanie Dooves ◽  
Arianne J. H. van Velthoven ◽  
Linda G. Suciati ◽  
Vivi M. Heine
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Transmembrane Proteins ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
And Control ◽  
Egf Signaling ◽  
The Brain

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disease affecting the brain. Neurological symptoms like epilepsy and neurodevelopmental issues cause a significant burden on patients. Both neurons and glial cells are affected by TSC mutations. Previous studies have shown changes in the excitation/inhibition balance (E/I balance) in TSC. Astrocytes are known to be important for neuronal development, and astrocytic dysfunction can cause changes in the E/I balance. We hypothesized that astrocytes affect the synaptic balance in TSC. TSC patient-derived stem cells were differentiated into astrocytes, which showed increased proliferation compared to control astrocytes. RNA sequencing revealed changes in gene expression, which were related to epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling and enriched for genes that coded for secreted or transmembrane proteins. Control neurons were cultured in astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) of TSC and control astrocytes. After culture in TSC ACM, neurons showed an altered synaptic balance, with an increase in the percentage of VGAT+ synapses. These findings were confirmed in organoids, presenting a spontaneous 3D organization of neurons and glial cells. To conclude, this study shows that TSC astrocytes are affected and secrete factors that alter the synaptic balance. As an altered E/I balance may underlie many of the neurological TSC symptoms, astrocytes may provide new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals The effect of short-term use of finasteride versus cyproterone acetate on perioperative blood loss with monopolar transurethral resection of prostate

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabieb A. Abdelbaki ◽  
Adel Al-Falah ◽  
Mohamed Alhefnawy ◽  
Ahmed Abozeid ◽  
Abdallah Fathi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Cyproterone Acetate ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Microvascular Density ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Transurethral Resection Of Prostate ◽  
Perioperative Bleeding ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Perioperative bleeding is the most common complication related to transurethral resection of prostate; the aim of the study was to compare the effect of pre-operative use of finasteride versus cyproterone acetate (CPA) on blood loss with monopolar TURP. Methods This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on (60) patients with BPH underwent monopolar TURP between July 2019 and July 2020. Patients were distributed into three equal groups; CPA group: 20 patients received cyproterone acetate 50 mg tab BID for two weeks before TURP, finasteride group: 20 patients received single daily dose of finasteride 5 mg for two weeks before TURP, control group: 20 patients received no treatment before TURP, all patients underwent monopolar TURP, and then histopathological examination of the resected tissues was done with assessment of the microvascular density of the prostate. Results Our study showed that there was significant decrease in intraoperative blood loss and operative time in CPA and finasteride groups in comparison with control group (p = 0.0012) (p < 0.0001), respectively, significant decrease in post-operative Hb and HCT value in finasteride and control groups in comparison with CPA group (p < 0.01), significant increase in specimen weight in CPA group compared to other groups (p < 0.01), and there was also significant decrease in microvascular density in CPA group in comparison with other groups (p < 0.01). Conclusion Cyproterone acetate is more effective than finasteride in decreasing perioperative bleeding with TURP by decreasing microvascular density of the prostate.

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