Childhood adversities in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (07) ◽  
pp. 1089-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oon Him Peh ◽  
Attilio Rapisarda ◽  
Jimmy Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parental Separation ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Bullying Victimisation

AbstractChildhood adversities have been reported to be more common among individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. This paper systematically reviewed and meta-analysed (i) the severity and prevalence of childhood adversities (childhood trauma exposure, bullying victimisation and parental separation or loss) among the UHR, and (ii) the association between adversities and transition to psychosis (TTP). PsycINFO, PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies reporting childhood adversities among UHR individuals. Only published articles were included. Risk of bias was assessed using Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline (von Elm et al., 2007) and the tool developed by Hoy et al. (2012). Seventeen case–control, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included. UHR individuals experienced significantly more severe trauma than controls, regardless of trauma subtype. UHR were 5.5, 2.5 and 3.1 times as likely to report emotional abuse, physical abuse and bullying victimisation, respectively. There was no association with parental separation. However, childhood trauma was not significantly associated with TTP (follow-up periods: 6 months to 15 years), suggesting that trauma alone may not be a sufficient risk factor. Sexual abuse was associated with TTP but this may have been driven by a single large study. Potential confounders and low rates of TTP among UHR are limitations of this review. This is the first meta-analysis that quantitatively summarises the associations between childhood adversities and TTP among UHR, and between specific abuse subtypes and TTP. Specific recommendations have been made to increase the quality of future research. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42017054884.

scholarly journals Deconstructing Vulnerability for Psychosis: Meta-Analysis of Environmental Risk Factors for Psychosis in Subjects at Ultra High-Risk

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Fusar-Poli ◽  
M. Tantardini ◽  
S. De Simone ◽  
V. Ramella-Cravaro ◽  
D. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Physical Neglect

AbstractBackgroundSubjects at ultra high-risk (UHR) for psychosis have an enhanced vulnerability to develop the disorder but the risk factors accounting for this accrued risk are undetermined.MethodSystematic review of associations between genetic or environmental risk factors for psychosis that are widely established in the literature and UHR state, based on comparisons to controls.ResultsForty-four studies encompassing 170 independent datasets and 54 risk factors were included. There were no studies on association between genetic or epigenetic risk factors and the UHR state that met the inclusion criteria. UHR subjects were more likely to show obstetric complications, tobacco use, physical inactivity, childhood trauma/emotional abuse/physical neglect, high perceived stress, childhood and adolescent low functioning, affective comorbidities, male gender, single status, unemployment and low educational level as compared to controls.ConclusionsThe increased vulnerability of UHR subjects can be related to environmental risk factors like childhood trauma, adverse life events and affective dysfunction. The role of genetic and epigenetic risk factors awaits clarification.

scholarly journals Problematic alcohol use and reduced hippocampal volume: a meta-analytic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (13) ◽  
pp. 2288-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wilson ◽  
J. L. Bair ◽  
K. M. Thomas ◽  
W. G. Iacono
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Problematic Alcohol ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Problematic Alcohol Use

BackgroundA number of studies reports reduced hippocampal volume in individuals who engage in problematic alcohol use. However, the magnitude of the difference in hippocampal volume between individuals with v. without problematic alcohol use has varied widely, and there have been null findings. Moreover, the studies comprise diverse alcohol use constructs and samples, including clinically significant alcohol use disorders and subclinical but problematic alcohol use (e.g. binge drinking), adults and adolescents, and males and females.MethodsWe conducted the first quantitative synthesis of the published empirical research on associations between problematic alcohol use and hippocampal volume. In total, 23 studies were identified and selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis; effects sizes were aggregated using a random-effects model.ResultsProblematic alcohol use was associated with significantly smaller hippocampal volume (d = −0.53). Moderator analyses indicated that effects were stronger for clinically significant v. subclinical alcohol use and among adults relative to adolescents; effects did not differ among males and females.ConclusionsProblematic alcohol use is associated with reduced hippocampal volume. The moderate overall effect size suggests the need for larger samples than are typically included in studies of alcohol use and hippocampal volume. Because the existing literature is almost entirely cross-sectional, future research using causally informative study designs is needed to determine whether this association reflects premorbid risk for the development of problematic alcohol use and/or whether alcohol has a neurotoxic effect on the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Psychosis in children of separated parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ayerbe ◽  
María Pérez-Piñar ◽  
Quintí Foguet-Boreu ◽  
Salma Ayis
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Parental Separation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Abstract Background. Parental separation is a very common childhood adversity. The association between other adverse childhood experiences and an increased risk of psychosis has been reported. However, the evidence on the risk of psychosis for children of separated parents is limited. In this systematic review, cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies, comparing the risk of psychotic disorders for people with and without separated parents, were searched, critically appraised, and summarized. Methods. Studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Web of Science, from database inception to September 2019. A meta-analysis, using random-effects models, was undertaken to obtain pooled estimates of the risk of psychosis among participants with separated parents. Results. Twelve studies, with 305,652 participants from 22 countries, were included in the review. A significantly increased risk of psychosis for those with separated parents was observed, with a pooled odds ratio: 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–1.76), p < 0.001. The association remained significant when cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies were analyzed separately. The five cohort studies included in this review showed and increased risk of psychosis with odds ratio: 1.47 (95% CI: 1.26–1.69), p < 0.001. Conclusions. Parental separation is a common childhood adversity associated with an increased risk of psychosis. Although the risk for an individual child of separated parents is still low, given the high proportion of couple that separate, the increased rates of psychosis may be substantial in the population. Further studies on the risk of psychosis in those with separated parents, and the explanatory factors for this association, are required.

scholarly journals Prevalence of smoking in adults with spinal cord stimulators: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
W Michael Hooten ◽  
Rajat N Moman ◽  
Jodie Dvorkin ◽  
E Morgan Pollard ◽  
Robalee Wonderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

BackgroundSmoking adversely impacts pain-related outcomes of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). However, the proportion of SCS patients at risk of worse outcomes is limited by an incomplete knowledge of smoking prevalence in this population. Thus, the primary aim of this systematic review is to determine the prevalence of smoking in adults with chronic pain treated with SCS.MethodsA comprehensive search of databases from 1 January 1980 to 3 January 2019 was conducted. Eligible study designs included (1) randomized trials; (2) prospective and retrospective cohort studies; and (3) cross-sectional studies. The risk of bias was assessed using a tool specifically developed for prevalence studies. A total of 1619 records were screened, 19 studies met inclusion criteria, and the total number of participants was 10 838.ResultsThirteen studies had low or moderate risk of bias, and six had a high risk of bias. All 19 studies reported smoking status and the pooled prevalence was 38% (95% CI 30% to 47%). The pooled prevalence in 6 studies of peripheral vascular diseases was 56% (95% CI 42% to 69%), the pooled prevalence of smoking in 11 studies of lumbar spine diagnoses was 28% (95% CI 20% to 36%) and the pooled prevalence in 2 studies of refractory angina was 44% (95% CI 31% to 58%).ConclusionsThe estimated prevalence of smoking in SCS patients is 2.5 times greater than the general population. Future research should focus on development, testing and deployment of tailored smoking cessation treatments for SCS patients.

WC10E THE IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ON PSYCHOSIS — EVIDENCE FROM THE EPOS ULTRA-HIGH RISK STUDY

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. S21
Author(s):  
P.J. Patterson ◽  
M. Birchwood ◽  
A. Skeate ◽  
H. von Reventlow ◽  
R. Salokangas
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of Childhood Psychological Maltreatment on Mental Health Outcomes in Adulthood: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuoni Xiao ◽  
Mina Murat Baldwin ◽  
Franziska Meinck ◽  
Ingrid Obsuth ◽  
Aja Louise Murray
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychological Maltreatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Research suggests that childhood psychological maltreatment (i.e., emotional abuse and emotional neglect) is associated with mental and physical health problems that persist into adulthood, for example anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal ideation, and aggression; however, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature would help clarify the magnitude and moderators of these associations, and the extent to which they may be affected by publication bias, as well as the methodological strengths and weakness of studies in this area.Method: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline will be employed to structure the review. Several searches will be carried out via databases including Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Applied Social Science Index and Abstract, ERIC and EMBASE. Empirical peer reviewed research articles that fit pre-specified eligibility criteria will be included in the review. This review will include literature written in either English or Chinese. Two independent reviewers will screen and assess studies for inclusion in the review as well as extract the data, with consensus reached through discussion in cases of discrepancy. A third reviewer will be consulted to resolve any discrepancies that cannot be resolved through discussion between the original reviewers. The relevant Newcastle-Ottawa scales will be used for assessing the quality of studies. If a sufficient number of comparable studies are retrieved, a meta-analysis will be conducted using a random effects model. Discussion: This systematic review will provide an understanding of the long-term effects of childhood psychological maltreatment on adult mental health, which adds to previous reviews focusing primarily on the effects of physical and sexual abuse. The results of the review will help inform clinical practice in approaches to treating those with a history of psychological maltreatment in childhood. The gaps and weaknesses in the evidence identified will also inform recommendations for future research.

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