Gender differences in the onset of depression following a shared life event: a study of couples

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. NAZROO ◽  
A. C. EDWARDS ◽  
G. W. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Life Event ◽  
The One ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Role Activity

Background. Gender differences in clinically relevant depression are well established, appear to be greatest in childbearing years and may be the result of gender differences in social roles. Methods. A community sample of 100 couples who had recently experienced at least one threatening life event that was potentially depressogenic for both of them was studied using a semi-structured interviewer-rated interview. Onset of depression was assessed using the Present State Examination, and, rather than assuming that a gender difference in roles existed uniformly across the couples, they were characterized according to their actual role activity and commitment.Results. Women were found to have a greater risk of a depressive episode following the life event than men, and this difference was of a similar magnitude to other reports of gender differences in depression. Consistent with a role hypothesis, this greater risk was entirely restricted to episodes that followed events involving children, housing or reproductive problems. In addition, it was found that women's greater risk of a depressive episode following such events was only present among those couples where there were clear gender differences in associated roles. There was some suggestion that differences in roles on the one hand resulted in women being more likely to hold themselves responsible for such events and, on the other hand, enabled men to distance themselves from them.Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that gender differences in rates of depression in the general population are, to a considerable extent, a consequence of role differences.

The Trinitarian Doctrine of Isidore of Pelusium

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Francesco Celia
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biblical Exegesis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstract The correspondence of Isidore of Pelusium (360–435/440?), which consists of approximately two thousand letters, deals to a considerable extent with spiritual teachings and biblical exegesis and to a lesser degree with theological subjects. This article focuses specifically on Isidore’s Trinitarian doctrine and aims to bring to light its sources. The examination of the predominant anti-Arian and anti-Neo-Arian arguments and of the biblical passages Isidore deployed to support his doctrinal points illustrates two aspects of interest: on the one hand, it reveals Isidore as a derivative representative of Neo-Nicene orthodoxy acquainted with different anti-Anomoean works; on the other hand, it confirms the well-established view that Isidore was a resourceful and cultivated exegete.

The Impact of Harmful Habits on Academic Performance and Sports Activities among Young People

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
Victoria Yermilova ◽  
◽  
Natalia Stroiteleva ◽  
Zhanna Egorova ◽  
Ekaterina Vanina
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sports Activities

Smoking and alcohol consumption is a growing trend among young people worldwide. The purpose of this study was to provide students with a comparative analysis of adherence to harmful habits (smoking and alcohol) on the one hand and the frequency of sports and academic performance on the other, taking into account gender differences. The research was conducted in 2019-2020 in 5 cities of Russia; the sample included 1500 people aged 18.4 ± 1.1 years, divided into three equal groups. The control (first) group had students who are not engaged in sports, and the second group comprised students practicing sports but not professionally. The third group was made up of student-athletes. All participants were surveyed to determine the frequency of adherence to harmful habits. In the control group, boys smoked 50% more often than girls (p ≤ 0.05), while in the third group, smoking among boys was registered 70 times less often (p ≤ 0.001). Alcohol consumption in controls was 0.5 times more likely among boys (p ≤ 0.05). Harmful habits affect young people's free time and reduce their academic performance and ability to practice sports.

scholarly journals Loneliness, Family Communication, and School Adjustment in a Sample of Cybervictimized Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cañas ◽  
Estefanía Estévez ◽  
Celeste León-Moreno ◽  
Gonzalo Musitu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Communication ◽  
School Adjustment ◽  
Academic Competence ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
The One

The objective of this study was to compare individual, family, and social variables, such as the perception of loneliness, family communication, and school adjustment in a sample of 2399 Andalusian (Spanish) adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) suffering from cybervictimization (low, moderate, and high). The results show that adolescents suffering from high cybervictimization report more loneliness, more problematic communication with both parents, and worse school adjustment than the rest of the groups. Regarding gender, differences are observed in open communication with the mother and in the dimensions of school adjustment, being more favorable for girls. However, there were no significant differences between girls and boys in the loneliness variable. The interaction effects indicate, on the one hand, that female severe cybervictims present more avoidant communication with the mother than the other groups, and, on the other hand, that male cybervictims of all three groups and female severe cybervictims have lower academic competence than the group of female low cybervictims, followed by female moderate cybervictims. These data support the idea that, depending on its intensity and duration, cybervictimization affects girls and boys differently in terms of individual, family, and social variables.

scholarly journals ПРОБЛЕМИ ТЕМАТИЧНОГО Й ЖАНРОВОГО НАПОВНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ПРОГРАМ РЕГІОНАЛЬНИХ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛІВ

2020 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
O. Chubuk
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Styles ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Transmitter Power ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
Resource Support

<p><em>In order to understand the full image concerning activity of regional TV channels we used the comparative analysis method. Due to its components such as analogy, analysis and composition, </em><em>comparing separate events and processes (in order to conduct its quality and quantity characteristics) we reached the possibility to identify similarities and differences in approaches, management, styles of TV channels in Odesa region, Poltava region, Sumy region and Chernivtsi region. Taking as a basis a fact that absolutely different issues are to be compared, subjects of research are TV channels both similar, and different according to its technical capacities, resource capabilities such as city and regional level TV channels.</em></p><p class="s4"><em>We concluded that regional television channels, which, in turn, differ in the number of employees, transmitter power, coverage radius of the broadcast signal, etc., to considerable extent lack of genre diversity, the breadth of themes. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, in insufficient financial and economic opportunities, and on the other hand, in the absence of creativity, unwillingness to change something in their work. In addition, as the study shows, not in all cases the decisive factors here are the scale of the channel, the number of employees, and the level of resource support.</em></p><p><em>Regional television channels and regional media as a whole are currently functioning in conditions of incredible competition in the market for information influence, a substantial increase in content, thematic offerings at times, in conditions of expanding communication platforms and the source database. Thematic content of the news, their genre diversity are peculiar markers in the work of regional TV channels. Scientists in Ukraine and abroad continue to research on these issues. According to significance of reserves identification in news editors office, we also consider the researches of regional media is still needed. Research novelty consists in comparison of certain directions both similar and different on its organizational framework, </em><em>coverage radius of the broadcast signal.</em><em></em></p><p><em>Small TV channels on city level as a rule are not involved into nationwide monitoring, conducted by non-governmental media organizations. They do not conduct its own monitoring and researches. Obtained results, conclusions and recommendations can be used for introduction of alternations in working process by TV- and radio companies, more specifically by editors office of informative programs.</em></p><p class="s4"><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>news, typesetting, video messages, plot, audience, synchronization, TV presenter.</em></p>

scholarly journals Exogamous patterns in four immigrant groups in Portugal (2001 and 2011)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalena Ramos ◽  
Sofia Gaspar ◽  
Ana Cristina Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
The One

This article analyses the exogamy patterns in four groups of immigrants to Portugal — from the Portuguese-speaking African Countries (PALOPs), EU-12, Brazil, and Eastern Europe — in 2001 and 2011. In the light of earlier studies, on the one hand the authors assess the existence of both gender differences and differences in terms of educational and age homogamy in these marriages. On the other, they also analyse the factors that explain the propensity to exogamic marriage. The results point to marriage patterns that differ according to gender, as well as to differences between the older waves of immigration (PALOPs and EU-12) and the more recent ones (Brazil and Eastern Europe). These data are interpreted in the final part of the article.

Researching Gender-Role Ideologies Internationally and Cross-Culturally

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Gibbons ◽  
Beverly A. Hamby ◽  
Wanda D. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Conceptual Equivalence ◽  
The One

Although many studies have compared gender-role ideologies internationally and cross-culturally, few researchers have attended to cultural differences in the meaningfulness or conceptual equivalence of the scale items. The literature on the use of instruments internationally is reviewed with respect to potentially universal (etic) constructs and findings. Gender differences in attitudes and the domains in which gender-related behavior is expressed differ internationally. A potential universal dimension is represented by a modern, egalitarian ideology on the one pole and a traditional ideology on the other. Using scales developed in three cultural contexts, we demonstrate that ratings of meaningfulness are correlated with the use of scores distant from the midpoint. Specific recommendations for researchers include consultation with cultural informants and incorporation of culturally specific (emic) items.

scholarly journals Attention Towards Emotions is Modulated by Familiarity with the Expressor. A Comparison Between Bonobos and Humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evy van Berlo ◽  
Thomas Bionda ◽  
Mariska E. Kret
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
The One ◽  
Sample Experiment ◽  
Emotional Scenes

AbstractWhy can humans be intolerant of, yet also be empathetic towards strangers? This cardinal question has rarely been studied in our closest living relatives, bonobos. Yet, their striking xenophilic tendencies make them an interesting model for reconstructing the socio-emotional capacities of the last common ancestor of hominids. Within a series of dot-probe experiments, we compared bonobos’ and humans’ attention towards scenes depicting familiar (kith and kin) or unfamiliar individuals with emotional or neutral expressions. Results show that attention of bonobos is immediately captured by emotional scenes depicting unfamiliar bonobos, but not by emotional groupmates (Experiment 1) or expressions of humans, irrespective of familiarity (Experiment 2). Using a large community sample, Experiment 3 shows that human attention is mostly captured by emotional rather than neutral expressions of family and friends. On the one hand, our results show that an attentional bias towards emotions is a shared phenomenon between humans and bonobos, but on the other, that both species have their own unique evolutionarily informed bias. These findings support previously proposed adaptive explanations for xenophilia in bonobos which potentially biases them towards emotional expressions of unfamiliar conspecifics, and parochialism in humans, which makes them sensitive to the emotional expressions of close others.

scholarly journals Strategic Dimensions of CPEC: Role of Regional and International Powers

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1561-1569
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ijaz Latif ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab Zia
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Us ◽  
The One

Indian Ocean, along with its chokepoints and Sea Lanes of Communications, is considered to be the significant strategic maritime arena. The area has remained under the influence of the US. India, being a largest littoral state of the said ocean, has a strong say here. Sino- Pakistan strategic collaboration and convergence over the construction of Gwadar and CPEC would not only serve the commercial interests of both of the states, rather it would also strengthen their strategic and defense position in the region. On the Beijing’s part, China would, to a considerable extent, neutralize its “Malacca Dilemma”. And on Islamabad’s part, it would serve to be a deterrent to any aggressive design of her arch rival India. It is because on the one hand it would enhance the strategic depth of Pakistan, and on the other hand integrity of Pakistan would be indispensible for China. And any attempt to destabilize Pakistan could provoke China, so Pakistan’s integrity would be sine qua non for China.

scholarly journals Paid Work and Parenting

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Suwada
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Inequalities

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the issue of paid work. Despite analyses dominating today that perceive paid work as an obstacle to parenting, I argue that paid work is an important obligation arising from parenthood. My analysis indicates that becoming a parent has consequences on how individuals perceive paid work. It becomes more important and there is a bigger focus on the level of earnings. Polish parents feel an enormous economic pressures in connection to having children. Yet the attitudes of men and women to paid work are different. In case of men there is a greater pressure to keep paid work and have a decent salary. Whereas women more often perceive paid work as a source of satisfaction. On the one hand, they also feel pressure to be active in the labour market and to bring money home, but on the other hand they confine more attention to the fact that paid work should be satisfactory. What is more, the chapter discusses these gender differences in the context of economic inequalities, as well as differences between the situation of single and coupled parents.

scholarly journals DISRUPTIVE TIMES AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT: IMPORTANCE OF DUAL ASSESSMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matea Hanžek ◽  
◽  
Zdravka Biočina ◽  
Maja Martinović ◽  
Valentina Pirić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Management Students

This paper examines quantitative methods of dual assessment of students’ skills in higher education. Through dual assessment, it tests skills important to adapt to a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous environment (VUCA). It does so by comparing on the one side student-generated grades and on the other side grades generated by their lecturers. The study was done on the sample of the entire 3rd-year generation of Zagreb School of Economics and Management students (N=79). Lecturers (N=2) who were doing the assessment have multiple years of grading experience. Findings suggest that overall, there are differences between self-assessment of students and assessment made by lecturers. Furthermore, there are also gender differences in student’s self-assessment. Whether for online or face-to-face courses, faculty and students may benefit using the dual assessment approach in developing more skilled students that are capable to adapt to working in ever changing and uncertain environments

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