Tughluqabad, third interim report: gates, silos, waterworks and other features

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEHRDAD SHOKOOHY ◽  
NATALIE H. SHOKOOHY

An early-fourteenth-century capital of the Delhi sultanate, Tughluqabad is a prototype for the planning of many later cities. The ruins of Tughluqabad represent the extent of the architectural design and engineering skills of the time, while the street layout and other urban features remain as the earliest existing example of Indo-Muslim urban planning and its architectural components. In this report the survey of the major fortified gates with their corridors and guard rooms is presented, along with the granaries built to sustain the town in the event of siege or famine. A detailed study of the systems for controlling the water supply also shows how the flood plain was dammed and the water level managed by an ingenious system of sluices to create an artificial lake which supplied the moat and town. The report is part of the project of survey of Tughluqabad initiated in 1986 and complements the two earlier interim reports in BSOAS, 57 (1994) and 62 (1999), in which the architectural remains were studied together with urban planning and the method for construction of the town.

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy

Tughluqabad, situated 18 kilometres south-east of New Delhi, is the oldest surviving sultanate town in India. It was built by Sultan Ghiyāth al-dīn Tughluq between 1320 and 1323, and its well preserved walls, its street layout and the remains of its buildings provide us with the earliest existing example of Indo-Muslim urban planning and its architectural components. The town was designed by Ahmad b. Ayāz, an Anatolian architect and a nobleman of the Tughluq court, who was responsible for the design of many of the early Tughluq buildings1 and who was later raised to the rank of Grand Vizier at the time of Muhammad b. Tughluq (1325–51), but was put to death by Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq (1351–88) in the early days of his reign.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Weixiang Ni ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Sheng Chen

In the long-distance and high-drop gravitational water supply systems, the water level difference between the upstream and downstream is large. Thus, it is necessary to ensure energy dissipation and pressure head reduction to reduce the pipeline pressure head. The energy dissipation box is a new type of energy dissipation and pressure head reduction device, which is widely used in the gravitational flow transition systems. At present, there is still a dearth of systematic knowledge about the performance of energy dissipation boxes. In this paper, a relationship between the location of the energy dissipation box and the pressure head amplitude is established, a theoretical optimal location equation of the energy dissipation box is derived, and numerical simulations using an engineering example are carried out for verification. The protective effects of an energy dissipation box placed at the theoretical optimal location and an upstream location are compared. The results indicate that for the same valve action time, the optimal position allows effectively reducing the total volume of energy dissipation box. The oscillation amplitudes of the water level in the box and the pressure head behind the box are markedly reduced. Under the condition that the water level oscillation of the energy dissipation box is almost the same, the optimal location offers better pressure head reduction protection performance than the upstream location.


Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawen Li ◽  
Dong Yu ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Runxiang Cao

Abstract Drought is one of the major natural disasters affecting the development of economies and society. Drought early warning is the primary step and most important non-engineering measure for drought relief. This paper took Yuqiao Reservoir in Tianjin as a case study and analysed inter-annual changes of the drought limit water level. First, the causality between variables in the water supply–demand system was analysed, and a structural diagram of water sources allocation was drawn. Coupled with the parameters and a structural diagram, a system dynamics (SD) model of the water supply volume was established. Secondly, simulation results were tested to ensure that the model was valid. The water supply volume from 2003 to 2020 was simulated by using the model. Finally, based on the inflow process and the water supply volume, the drought limit water level was calculated. The results showed the water supply volume of Yuqiao Reservoir has changed remarkably. The drought limit water levels in 2003–2012 and in 2016–2020 were 16.70 m and 16.30 m, respectively: a difference of 0.40 m. The regulation curve of guarantee for water supply during 2016–2020 is significantly lower than that of 2003–2012. This research is of great significance for drought resistance, disaster mitigation and reservoir management.


Prostor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1 (61)) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Marinović ◽  
Ivan Mlinar ◽  
Ana Tomšić

Split 2 is a significant part of urban and architectural heritage in Split and Croatia. This arises from the scope and reach of the rational urban planning and use of space, inventive architectural design focused on construction technologies, operations and materials which were mainly organized in concentric construction sites of housing developments and areas which predominantly featured standardized residential buildings and residential high-rises in the period from 1957 to 1968.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (55) ◽  
pp. 980-1005
Author(s):  
Tiago Santos

Considerando a dinâmica e a estrutura urbana de Belém no início do século XXI como expressão da acumulação das intervenções urbanas e das práticas de planejamento e gestão do espaço da cidade, analisa-se a genealogia do planejamento urbano para compreender a produção de um espaço que tem como característica a negação da natureza e a produção da desigualdade entre classes sociais. Nesse aspecto, identificou-se três períodos específicos que produziram impactos significativos na produção do espaço urbano de Belém: o terceiro quarto do século XVIII (1755 – 1777) com as reformas promovidas no período Pombalino na Amazônia, momento de expressão de uma modernidade urbana e arquitetônica; o final do século XIX e a primeira década do século XX (1890 – 1910), momento de ascensão da economia regional a partir da intensificação de atividades extrativas que produziram reformas urbanísticas com tons higienistas e; por fim, o período entre 1940 e 1970, que marcou uma série de propostas de planejamento com viés técnico-burocrático na produção do espaço. Do ponto de vista da metodologia adotada, estabeleceu-se como percurso de pesquisa: i) levantamento bibliográfico de caráter teórico e empírico da temática; ii) levantamento documental acerca das práticas de planejamento e intervenção dos períodos destacados com base em legislação, planos e projetos de cada um dos períodos; iii) coleta de iconografia representativa da época as quais as políticas foram executadas. Apresenta-se como resultados a hipótese de que a narrativa de uma pretensa ausência de planejamento como fator explicativo dos problemas da cidade é um discurso que não tem base na realidade, posto que historicamente é exatamente o oposto que a pesquisa indica, as modalidades de planejamento efetivadas em Belém acentuam problemas como a segregação socioespacial.Palavras-Chave: História, Planejamento Urbano, Modernidade, Belém.AbstractConsidering the dynamics and urban structure of Belém at the beginning of the 21st Century as an expression of the accumulation of urban interventions and planning and management practices of the city, the historical genealogy of urban planning is analyzed as a way of understanding production of a space that has as characteristic the negation of the nature and the production of the inequality between social classes. In this aspect, three specific periods were identified that produced significant impacts on the production of the urban space of Belém: the third quarter of the seventeenth century (1755 - 1777) with the reforms promoted in the Pombaline period in the Amazon, a time of expression of an urban and architectural design; the end of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century (1890 - 1910), a time of great rise of the regional economy from the intensification of extractive activities that produced urban reforms with hygienic tones; and finally, the period between 1940 and 1970, which marked a series of planning proposals with a bureaucratic technical aproach in the production of space in Belém. This work established as following research methodology: i) survey bibliographical of theoretical and empirical character of the analyzed subject; ii) documentary survey of the planning and intervention practices of the highlighted periods based on municipal, state and federal legislation, as well as the master plans and development plans of the periods; iii) collection of iconography representative of the time to which the policies were executed in the urban space. The hypothesis is that the narrative of a supposed absence of planning as a factor of the city's problems is a discourse that has no basis in reality, since historically it is exactly the opposite that the research indicates, that is, the modalities in Belém accentuate problems such as socio-spatial segregation.Keywords: History, Urban Planning, Modernity, Belém.


2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-303
Author(s):  
E. I. Mikhnevich

Territory protection against flood water inundation and creation of polder systems are carried out with the help of protection dikes. One of the main requirements to the composition of polder systems in flood plains is a location of border dikes beyond meander belt in order to avoid their erosion when meander development occurs. Meander belt width can be determined on the basis of the analysis of multi-year land surveying pertaining top river-bed building and in the case when such data is not available this parameter is calculated in accordance with the Snishchenko formula. While banking-up a river bed a flooded area is decreasing and, consequently, water level in inter-dike space and rate of flood water are significantly increasing. For this reason it is necessary to locate dikes at a such distance from a river bed which will not cause rather high increase in water level and flow velocity in the inter-dike space. Methodology for hydraulic calculation of river regulation has been developed in order to substantiate design parameters for levee systems, creation of favourable hydraulic regime in these systems and provision of sustainability for dikes. Its main elements are calculations of pass-through capacity of the leveed channel and rise of water level in inter-dike space, and distance between dikes and their crest level. Peculiar feature of the proposed calculated formulae is an interaction consideration of channel and inundated flows. Their mass-exchanging process results in slowing-down of the channel flow and acceleration of the inundated flow. This occurrence is taken into account and coefficients of kinematic efficiency are introduced to the elements of water flow rate in the river channel and flood plain, respectively. The adduced dependencies for determination of a dike crest level (consequently their height) take into consideration a rise of water level in inter-dike space for two types of polder systems: non-inundable (winter) dikes with maximum spring flood rate and inundable (summer) dikes with summer-autumn flood rates. The proposed calculated formulae can be recommended for application at design organizations.


2017 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Michaela Seewald

The 19th century is - as regards urban planning - characterized by the development of infrastructure, such as schools or hospitals. These changes can also be observed in the eastern parts of the monarchy. The regional focus of this thesis lies on Czernowitz, the capital city of the Bukovina since 1849. Three institutions - the town hall, the railway station and the museum - serve as an example to show how the construction of these buildings had an impact on the social life of the residents of Czernowitz. The article shows that identity is the central connective element.


Nature ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 404 (6774) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Alsdorf ◽  
John M. Melack ◽  
Thomas Dunne ◽  
Leal A. K. Mertes ◽  
Laura L. Hess ◽  
...  

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