Leaching of Five Thiocarbamate Herbicides in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Andre J. Weierich
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Glass Columns ◽  
Mineral Soils

The depths of leaching of S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate), S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate), S-ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-l-carbothioate (molinate), and S-ethyl cyclohexylethylthiocarbamate (hereinafter referred to as R-2063) were compared in five different types of soils contained in glass columns. The depths of leaching in mineral soils were directly correlated with the water solubilities of the herbicides. The order of leaching from greatest to the least was molinate, EPTC, vernolate, pebulate, and R-2063. With all compounds tested, the depth of leaching decreased as the clay content of the soil increased. Leaching depth also decreased as organic matter increased. In peat soil containing 35% organic matter, no movement out of the treated zone could be detected with any of the thiocarbamate herbicides tested when leached with 8 in of water.

Relationships between extractable Al, selected soil properties, pH buffer capacity and lime requirement in some acidic Queensland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Ph Buffer ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The objectives of this study were to examine (1) interrelationships between various forms of extractable A1 and selected soil properties, (2) the contribution of extractable A1 to pH buffer capacity, and (3) investigate the use of extractable A1 to predict lime requirement. Aluminium was extracted from each of 60 Queensland soils with a range of chloride salts: 1 M KCl (AlK), 0.5 M CuCl2 (AlCu), 0.33 M LaCl3 (AlLa) and 0.01 M CaCl2 (AlCa). The amounts of A1 extracted were in the order AlCu > AlLa > Alk > AlCa. Little or no A1 was extracted by KC1 or Lac13 in soils with pHw values greater than 5.5 , whereas CuCl2 extracted some A1 irrespective of soil pH. The greater amounts of A1 extracted by CuCl2 were attributed mainly to A1 from organic matter, even though all of the soils were mineral soils (organic carbon 54.7%). Both AlCu and AlLa, were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with organic carbon, whereas none of the extractable A1 measures was correlated with clay content. AlK and A~L, were poorly correlated to pH buffer capacity. The linear relationship between AlCu and pH buffer capacity (r2 = 0.49) obtained in this study supports the view of previous researchers that the hydrolysis of A1 adsorbed by organic matter is a source of pH buffering in soils. However, the change in CEC with pH accounted for 76% of the variation in pH buffer capacity, indicating that other mechanisms such as deprotonation of organic groups and variable charge minerals are also involved in pH buffering. The ability of CuCl2 and LaCl3extractable Al to estimate lime requirement depended on the target pH. The results suggest that lime requirements based on neutralization of AlLa would be sufficient to raise pHw to around 5.5, whereas requirements based on neutralization of AlCu substantially overestimated the actual lime requirement to pHw 5.5, but gave a reasonable estimation of the lime requirement to pHw 6 5.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Factors on the Adsorption of Phosphamidon on Two Different Types of Indian Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 583-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Standard Entropy ◽  
Indian Soil ◽  
Different Types

The effect of exchangeable cations (H+ and Na+). autoclaving, organic matter, anionic surfactants and temperature on the adsorption of phosphamidon on two different types of Indian soil was studied. The adsorption isotherms for all the effects/treatments were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation and yielded S-shaped isotherms. The amount of phosphamidon adsorbed in all cases was higher in medium black (silt loam) soil than alluvial soil (sandy loam) and was related to the organic matter content, clay content, CaCO3 content, surface area and cation-exchange capacity of the soils. The adsorption on both types of soil follows the order H+-soil > Na+-soil > natural soil at 10°C > natural soil at 20°C > autoclaved soil > organic matter-removed soil > anionic surfactant > natural soil at 40°C, which was in accordance with the Freundlich constant, KF, and distribution coefficient, Kd, values. The adsorption capacity of phosphamidon for organic matter and clay content for both the soils was evaluated by calculating the Kom and Kc values when it was found that phosphamidon adsorption was better correlated with the clay content than with the orgnic matter content on the basis of adsorption isotherms. Various thermodynamic parameters such as the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K0), the standard free energy (ΔG0), the standard enthalpy (ΔH0) and the standard entropy (ΔS0) changes have been calculated as a means of predicting the nature of the isotherms.

scholarly journals Water-extractable organic matter in the profile of mineral and organic soils of Upper Dniester alluvial plane

2017 ◽  
pp. 181-190
Author(s):  
Partyka T. ◽  
Hamkalo Z.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Labile Pool ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Extractable Organic Matter

Content of cold water extracted organic matter (CWEOM) in organic and mineral soils of Upperdniester alluvial plane was estimated. The largest CWEOM content (mg∙100 g-1) in the upper (10 cm) soil layers was found in peat soils – 105-135, and the smallest – 20-30– in arable sod and meadow soils. The highest CWEOM content was found in the lower horizons of peat soil, where it reaches 290 mg∙100 g-1. Strong correlation (r=0.81 -0.99; P<0.05) between CWEOM and TOC was found. It indicates the presence of dynamic equilibrium in the SOM system that supports certain level of labile pool compounds – the main source of bioavailable materials and energy.

scholarly journals Effect of Various Factors on the Sorption of Endosulphan on Two Indian Soils

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 649-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdish Prasad Rawat ◽  
S.M. Umar Iraqi ◽  
Rishi Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Standard Free Energy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Standard Entropy ◽  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Constant ◽  
Enthalpy Changes ◽  
Batch Technique ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Natural Forms

The effects of exchangeable cations (H+ and Na+), organic matter, non-ionic and anionic surfactants, and temperature on the sorption of endosulphan on two different types of soils were studied. Adsorption studies were performed using the batch technique and adsorption isotherms for all effects/treatments were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation. The adsorptive capacity of endosulphan towards organic matter and clay content in the natural forms of both soils was also evaluated by calculating the corresponding values of the specific adsorption capacity for organic matter, Kom, and the clay content, Kc. Various thermodynamic parameters such as the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K0), standard free energy changes (ΔG0), standard enthalpy changes (ΔH0) and standard entropy changes (ΔS0) have been calculated in order to predict the nature of the isotherms.

PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY LIME AND OTHER TREATMENTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Mineral Soils

In laboratory incubation experiments liming with Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, or MgCO3 inhibited the phosphatase enzyme activity as measured by determination of phenol or phosphorus released from disodium phenyl phosphate. Chloride and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium had no appreciable effect on the measured activity. Incubation for 9 months reduced the activity in a group of acid soils but not in a group of nearly neutral soils. Addition of phosphate prior to incubation had no effect on activity in either group.In buffer systems with the pH controlled over the range pH 2.0 to 11.0, activity in samples of an acid mineral soil increased gradually from pH 2.0 to a maximum at about pH 7.0, and then declined rapidly. The occurrence of peaks of optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 9.5 indicated the presence of both acid and alkaline phosphatases in an organic soil.Although there was no significant relationship between phosphatase activity and pH, clay content, nitrogen, and total carbon content of 10 mineral soils, there was a higher activity associated with higher organic matter content in three groups of soils with 3.2, 24.8, and 80.2% organic matter. Initial phosphatase activity of a group of mineral soils was not related to the degree of mineralization of organic soil phosphorus found to occur during an incubation period.

scholarly journals Effect of Cationic, Non-Ionic and Anionic Surfactants on the Adsorption of Carbofuran on Three Different Types of Indian Soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Singh ◽  
J.P. Rawat ◽  
Raj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Indian Soil ◽  
Molecular Connectivity ◽  
Molecular Connectivity Index ◽  
First Order ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Different Types

The adsorption of carbofuran in aqueous surfactant-free and surfactant (cationic, non-ionic and anionic) solutions of different micellar concentration (½ × CMC, CMC and 2 × CMC) on three different types of Indian soil has been studied using the batch shaking technique. The measured equilibrium adsorption isotherms for the surfactant-free and surfactant/soil/water systems at different critical micellar concentrations were S-shaped and in close agreement to the Freundlich isotherms. Higher adsorption of carbofuran in both systems was observed on silt loam soil followed by loam and sandy soils, and was anticipated by the values obtained for the Freundlich constant, KF, and the partition coefficient, KD. The values of KF and KD obtained also confirmed that the adsorption of carbofuran in aqueous surfactant solutions followed the order cationic > nonionic > anionic at all the CMC values studied. The affinity of carbofuran towards organic matter and the clay content of the soils was evaluated by calculating the Kom and Kc values, when it was found that carbofuran adsorption was better correlated with the clay content than with the organic matter content. The predicted log Kom values were also obtained from the aqueous solubility, 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), adsorbability index (Al) and first-order molecular connectivity index (1χ) of carbofuran. Use of the aqueous solubility and the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient of carbofuran to predict the adsorption gave values with a considerable error in comparison with those measured experimentally, whereas the use of the absorbability index and first-order molecular connectivity index for carbofuran improved the predictions considerably. The results obtained are interesting in that they afford basic data relating to the possible use of surfactants for solving problems of soil contamination by carbofuran.

CLAY ILLUVIATION IN SOME ORTHIC PODZOLS OF EASTERN CANADA

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Brydon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Granular Structure ◽  
Charge Component ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Free Iron ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Ph Dependent

The Arago, Barney, and Holmesville soils, Podzols from Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, respectively, each had friable Bfh horizons with moderate granular structure, and with organic matter and free Fe2O3 contents greater than the Ae and C horizons. The Arago and Holmesville had thin Bhft horizons containing over 10% organic matter and 5% free iron oxides. The C horizons of these two soils had some features characteristic of fragipans.The B horizons of the three soils had a high "pH-dependent charge component" in the C.E.C. values. The "permanent charge component" was similar throughout the Arago profile except for the Bhft horizon where clay accumulation had occurred.Translocation of clay from the Ae to the upper B horizons was indicated by the twofold increase in clay content and the relative enrichment of fine clay in the B horizons. Removal of free iron affected the clay contents differently in the different: horizons but the maximum clay content in the upper B horizons remained. The definitions of Orthic Podzols, Textural Podzols, and t horizons should be re-examined.

PENGARUH JENIS MULSA DAN PUPUK GANDASIL-B TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT (Capsium frustescens L.) PADA TANAH GAMBUT PEDALAMAN (The Effect of Mulch Type and Gandasil-B Fertilizer on The Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper (Capsicum fr

AgriPeat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Admin Journal
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Black Plastic

                                                                                                                                       ABSTRACTThis research was aimed to investigate the effect of mulch type and gandasil-B fertilizer on the growth and yield of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) on inland peat soil. The method used in this research was two-factor Randomized Block Design with split plot arrangement and three replications. The main plot was the mulch type which consists of three treatments, namely: control, cogon grass and silver-black plastic mulch, and as sub plot was the dose of gandasil-B which consists of four 4 levels, namely: 0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1 water. Results showed that the interaction between different types of mulch and gandasil-B fertilizer only had significant effect on the diameter of the stem, the number of productive branch, the number of fruit per plant, and the weight of fruit per plant. The utilization of silver-black plastic mulch and gandasil- B fertilizer at the concentration of 3 g L-1 water showed more number of productive branch (14.00 branches) and number of fruit (151.17 fruits) per plant and the weight of fruit (166.52 g) per plant was significantly higher.Keywords : Mulch, cogon grass, silver-black plastic, Gandasil-B, inland peat soil                                                                                                                                       ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis mulsa dan pupuk gandasil-B terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai rawit (Capsicum fruestescens L.) pada tanah gambut pedalaman. Percobaan ini menggunaakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) disusun secara split plot dengan dua faktor perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Sebagai petak utama, yaitu jenis mulsa terdiri dari tiga jenis, yaitu : kontrol, mulsa alang-alang dan mulsa plastik hitam perak. Sebagai anak petak adalah dosis pupuk Gandasil-B terdiri dari 4 taraf perlakuan, yaitu : 0, 1, 2 dan 3 g L-1 air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi penggunaan jenis mulsa dengan pupuk gandasil-B hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap diameter batang, jumlah cabang produktif, jumlah buah per tanaman dan berat buah per tanaman. Penggunaan mulsa plastik hitam perak dan pupuk gandasil-B 3 g L-1 air diperoleh jumlah cabang produktif (14.00 cabang) dan jumlah buah (151.17 buah) per tanaman) nyata lebih banyak dan berat buah (166.52 g) per tanaman nyata lebih tinggi.Kata kunci : Mulsa, alang-alang, plastik hitam perak, pupuk gandasil-B, gambut pedalaman

scholarly journals Soil fertility status of some of the intensive crop growing areas under major agroecological zones of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
NC Shil ◽  
MA Saleque ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
M Jahiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
High Level

Laboratory studies on soil fertility evaluation was carried out across major agroecological zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh to know the nutrient status of soils and to relate those with soil properties like pH, organic matter, CEC, and clay content. Thirty five composite soil samples were collected from intensive crop growing sites, which covered 17 AEZs of Bangladesh. After proper processing, the samples were analyzed for texture, pH, organic carbon, CEC, exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na), total N, available P and S following standard methods. The textural class of the soils collected from AEZ 12 and 13 appeared to be mostly clay. Clay loam soil was found in AEZ 4, 8, 9, 11, 25 and 28. Loamy soil was seen in AEZ 1 while AEZ 22, 23 and 29 were mostly sandy textured. The results revealed that 65.7% of the tested soil was acidic while 25.7% was alkaline in nature. All the tested soils showed lower pHKCl compared to pHH2O thus possessed negative charge. About 68.6% of the collected soils contained low (1.10-1.70%) level of organic matter, 25.7% soils retained it at medium level (1.71-2.40) and 5.7% soils at very low level (<1.0%). All the tested soils appeared to be deficient (< 0.12%) in nitrogen content. 68.6% soil samples had the low level of available P while only 8.6% retained it an optimum amount. About 80% of the tested soils contained low level of available S (7.9- 14.7 mg kg -1) although coastal regions soils hold higher amount of available S. High CEC (20-38 cmol kg-1) was found in clay rich soils of AEZ 10, 11, 12, and 13. Study revealed that 40% of the collected soils were very low, 31.4% were low, 8.6% each of medium and optimum, and 11.4% contained high level of exchangeable K. The calcareous soils (AEZ 10, 11, 12 and 13) contained very high level of Ca. Non calcareous soils also showed fairly good level of Ca content except AEZ 1, 3, 23 and 29. Sandy textured soils of greater Dinajpur, Rangpur, Moulvibazar showed lower level of exchangeable Mg. About 86% of the tested soils had the lower (< 2%) potassium saturation percentage (KSP), which needs K application for sustainable crop production. Estimate showed that 44% variability for CEC may be attributed by clay content and the relationship was significant (p = 0.05). Again, 50.4 and 65.6% variability in exchangeable K and Mg, respectively may be governed by clay content of the soils, while such relationship for Ca was non-significant. CEC may contribute 62.2, 92.3 and 83.9% variability for exchangeable K, Ca and Mg content in soils, respectively. The fertility status of most of the studied soils (except AEZ 10, 12, 13 and to some extent 11) appeared to be low to very low, which demand judicious management in order to achieve food security and to conserve the soil fertility.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(4): 735-757, December 2016

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