Growth Analysis of Red Maple and White Ash Seedlings Treated with Eight Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Perry ◽  
R. P. Upchurch
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ammonium Sulfamate ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Hydroponically Grown ◽  
Toxic Responses

Eight technically pure herbicides were evaluated for their relative phytotoxicity to hydroponically grown seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Six of the herbicides (acids) were prepared as the triethylamine salts to provide formulation uniformity. With four compounds, equi-mole dosages per plant produced different toxic responses depending upon whether the herbicide was applied to the shoot or root. The 2,4,5-trichlorinated phenoxyaliphatic acids 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP), and 4(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4,5-TB) were consistently more toxic on a mole basis when applied to the roots of both species than when applied to the shoots. The opposite effect was observed with ammonium sulfamate (AMS) where shoot treatments were always more toxic. Shoot and root treatments were equally effective for the compounds 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), and 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (amitrole). Differential species susceptibilities to certain compounds were observed.

Woody Plant Shoot Management and Response to Herbicidal Treatment

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton ◽  
H. D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Practical Implications

Shoots of naturally established, foliated red maple (Acer rubrumL.) and persimmon (Diospyros virginianaL.) growing in North Carolina were treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) formulations following various shoot management procedures. Shoot management prior to treatment consisted of decapitating or not decapitating shoots at 2 inches above the ground line in May when the plants were 3 to 6 ft high. Herbicidal applications were made to uncut shoots and to resprouts of previously cut shoots at 30 and 60 days after decapitation. Responses measured 10, 14, and 22 months after treatment were percent control or original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, number of live stems/plant. The original shoot and new shoot values were averaged to provide a total shoot control index. Spraying of previously cut shoots at 30 or 60 days after cutting was more effective than spraying of uncut shoots except for 2,4,5-T applied to persimmon. The average total shoot control index for 2,4-D treated red maple, considering all rates, application dates, and evaluation dates was 82% for previously cut shoots and 56% for uncut shoots while the corresponding heights were 0.9 and 4.2 ft, respectively. For 2,4,5-T-treated red maple, the total shoot control indices were 92% and 78% for previously cut and uncut shoots, respectively, while the corresponding heights were 0.4 and 1.4 ft. For persimmon, there was a net advantage for treating previously cut shoots with 2,4-D, but the reverse was true for 2,4,5-T. The results are consistent with the theoretical behavior of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in woody plants outlined as a basis for conducting the study. Alternate explanations of results are proposed and practical implications described.

Rainfall Effects Following Herbicidal Treatment of Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
H. D. Coble ◽  
J. A. Keaton
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Derivatives Of

In North Carolina, the shoots of naturally-established, field grown, foliated specimens of turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were treated in August with aqueous dilutions of three herbicidal products at three rates each. Simulated rainfall was applied at ½ or 1 inch at 5, 15, 60, or 120 min after herbicidal application. Responses measured 10 and 13 months after herbicidal application were percent control of original shoots, percent control of new shoots, shoot height, and number of live stems/plant. Neither the ester nor amine derivatives of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were reduced as to their action on woody plants by the simulated rainfall applied. The action on woody plants of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) plus 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was markedly reduced by the application of all of the simulated rain treatments at any of the intervals at which they were applied following herbicidal treatment.

Response of Woody Species to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Picloram as a Function of Treatment Method

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Coble ◽  
R. P. Upchurch ◽  
J. A. Keaton
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ether Ester

Naturally-established individual specimens of 12 woody plant species occurring in North Carolina were treated with foliar, dormant stem, and basal applications of the propylene glycol butyl ether ester formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). The triethanolamine salt of 2,4,5-T also was applied as a foliar treatment. Three rates of each herbicide were used. Responses measured were percent control of original shoots, percent regrowth, shoot height, and number of live stems per plant. No differences were observed between the amine and ester formulations of 2,4,5-T applied as foliar sprays except on rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) where the ester produced 86% control compared to 28% for the amine salt. Foliar sprays of picloram were effective in controlling all species except white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana L.), and rhododendron. Control of these species averaged only 45% compared to 96% on all other species studied. No species was effectively controlled by dormant stem or basal applications of picloram. All species considered, the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4,5-T applied as a dormant stem or basal application provided the most consistent results, giving 89% and 91% control, respectively.

Pin cherry effects on Allegheny hardwood stand development

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd E Ristau ◽  
Stephen B Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash

Pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) develops an early height advantage over associated species. Data from three long-term studies, extending up to 70 years after complete overstory removal, were used to evaluate the effects of pin cherry density on associates. Survival of seedling-origin stems of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) at age 15 decreased as the density of pin cherry >1.5 m tall at age 3 increased. The regression of pin cherry with black cherry was particularly strong (R2 = 0.632). Height of the tallest black cherry and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) at age 15 also decreased. If the density of pin cherry at age 3 was > 1 stem > 1.5 m tall per 0.0004 ha (high density), the number of black cherry fell below full stocking at age 15. When pin cherry occurred in high density, it lived longer than when it occurred at low density (< 1 stem > 1.5 m tall per 0.0004 ha). High pin cherry density early in stand development delayed the time when shade-intolerant and shade-intermediate species reached a stable proportion of the total basal area. In the long term, pin cherry reduced stand diameter and volume growth, particularly of black cherry.

scholarly journals Influence of Stand Thinning on Ice Storm Injury in Maine Hardwood Stands

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Morris ◽  
William D. Ostrofsky
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Stand Thinning

Abstract In January 1998, a severe ice storm struck the northeastern United States, causing widespread injury and, in some areas, substantial damage to forest stands. In Maine, hardwood species were most severely damaged. Landowners have been concerned that thinned stands are more susceptible to ice injury than their unthinned counterparts. The objectives of this study were to investigate injury and recovery from the ice storm in recently thinned (within 5 years) and unthinned hardwood stands. Four field sites were chosen, and individuals in both thinned and unthinned areas were measured to determine damage and recovery values. Species examined included white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), red oak Quercus rubra L.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Damage variables measured included pre- and poststorm crown class, percent crown loss, and number and size of broken branches. Recovery variables included transparency rating, number and location of sprouts, and cambial electrical resistance readings for each individual. Results indicate that thinned stands did not suffer the effects of the 1998 ice storm greater than the unthinned stands, for all stands combined. However, some differences at individual sites were detected. We suggest that landowners should not be overly concerned with continuing to thin their hardwood stands. A thinned stand is not necessarily at greater risk for ice injury. In addition, the thinning may actually accelerate the recovery process by creating individuals that are more vigorous than their unthinned counterparts. Heavily thinned stands, however, may be at a greater risk to ice injury.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):262–267.

Biomass Equations for Six Commercial Tree Species in Quebec

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Fraxinus Nigra ◽  
Black Ash

Six commercial species were sampled throughout Quebec and prediction equations of ovendry masses for the total above-ground tree and its components white cedar (Thuya occidentalis L.) and eastern hemlock(Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). The deciduous species are: red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.), and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The components expressed in ovendry masses are: the total tree, the stem, the merchantable stem, the wood and bark of the merchantable stem, and the crown. A nonlinear model is used with the diameter at breast height and the total height as predictors. Key words: Biomass, prediction equations, eastern white cedar, eastern hemlock, red maple white ash, black ash, beech.

Growth Retardant Response of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Woody Plants to Injections of MBR 18337

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-435
Author(s):  
John P. Sterrett ◽  
Richard H. Hodgson ◽  
Robert H. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growth Retardant ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Sprout Growth ◽  
Lower Stem

The growth retardant activity of MBR 18337 {N-[4-(ethylthio)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-methanesulfonamide} was determined by injection into bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Black Valentine’), California privet seedlings (Ligustrum ovalifoliumHassk.), and saplings of white ash (Fraxinus americanaL.) and red maple (Acer rubrumL.). Height and leaf expansion of bean were inhibited by 8 μg of MBR 18337 per plant in growth chamber studies. Sprout growth of California privet grown in the greenhouse was inhibited for 92 days by 80 μg of MBR 18337 per tree, and the growth in the field of ash and maple saplings was retarded by 3.2 mg of MBR 18337 per tree for an entire growing season with little injury. Radioassays for14C-MBR 18337 indicated rapid translocation of14C-activity in privet from the lower stem to the region of the apical shoot. More than 80% of the MBR 18337 in the xylem and phloem was oxidized within 14 days.

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Callus Derived from Marubakaido Apple Rootstock under Different Aluminium Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460e-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa F. de Oliveira ◽  
Gerson R. de L. Fortes ◽  
João B. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

The aim of this work was to evaluate the organogenesis of Marubakaido apple rootstock under different aluminium concentratons. The explants were calli derived from apple internodes treated with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pichloram at 0.5 and 1.0 μM and under five different aluminium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L). These calli were then treated with aluminium at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. It was observed shoot regeneration only for those calli previously treated with pichloram. There were no significant difference among the aluminium concentrations.

Characterization of the Reproductive Mode in Guayule In Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 483a-483
Author(s):  
Roy N. Keys ◽  
Dennis T. Ray ◽  
David A. Dierig
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Reproductive Modes ◽  
Desert Southwest ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is a latex-producing perennial desert shrub that is potentially of economic importance as an industrial crop for the desert Southwest. It is known to possess complex reproductive modes. Diploids are predominantly sexual and self-incompatible, while polyploids show a range of apomictic potential and self-compatibility. This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid and simple technique for characterizing reproductive modes of breeding lines of P. argentatum. Initial field experiments were based on an auxin test used successfully to characterize reproductive mode in the Poaceae. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited embryo formation in P. argentatum, but this was not the case with other auxins tested. Results of field experiments were ambiguous because: 1) the floral structure of P. argentatum is such that auxins might not have penetrated to the ovules, and 2) there was potential self-fertilization by pollen released within isolation bags. Therefore, in vitro culture of flower heads was tested because it provided much better control of environmental conditions, growth regulator application, and pollen release. Auxin alone, or in combination with gibberellic acid or kinetin, inhibited parthenogenesis in vitro. Embryo production did not vary using two substantially different nutrient media. In vitro flower head culture using a (Nitsch and Nitsch) liquid nutrient medium without growth regulators, enabled characterization of the reproductive mode of seven breeding lines, ranging from predominantly sexual to predominantly apomictic. The results of this technique were substantiated using RAPD analyzes of progeny arrays from controlled crosses.

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