Toxic Effect Induced by Cadmium on Some Reproductive Parameters and the Therapeutic Role of Leaves of Lemon Verbena: الأثر السمّي المستحدث بعنصر الكادميوم على بعض المعايير التكاثرية والدور العلاجي لأوراق نبات المليسة

This study was conducted on 28 male Syrian hamsters, and the aim was to confirm the toxic effects of cadmium on the structure and function of the male reproductive system and to test the effectiveness of the alcoholic extract of the lemon verbena plant in the therapeutic of cadmium toxicity. The results of the study showed the negative effect of cadmium on some reproductive parameters of male Syrian Hamster, where treatment with cadmium (5mg/kg/day) reduced GSI% values ​​for both testis and epididymis, lowered the values ​​of testicular dimensions, testosterone concentration and some physiological parameters of the tail of the epididymis sperm and some histological measurements for testes, numbers of spermatogenesis cells, Sertoli and Leydig, cadmium treatment caused histological disorders in the testicles, compared to the control group. Dosing male hamsters with lemon verbena leaf extract at two concentrations (250,500mg/kg/day) did not lead to a clear improvement compared to the cadmium group.

An economic feasibility study for the production of apple cider vinegar in Lattakia Governorate – Syria: دراسة الجدوى الاقتصادية لإنتاج خل التفاح في محافظة اللاذقية – سورية

The presence of an excess of the apple crop, and the increasing problem of its marketing in case the season is exposed to bad weather conditions, makes the best solution to confront this problem by manufacturing apple cider vinegar, as the apple cider vinegar manufacturing project emerges as an important model for the application of small agricultural projects in Syria, during the next stage, so the aim of the research To study the economic feasibility of a project to manufacture apple cider vinegar in apple- growing areas within Lattakia Governorate in Syria. To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive approach and the case study approach were used to study the hypotheses of the study, the most important of which is the existence of an economic feasibility for the manufacture of apple cider vinegar, or the lack of feasibility. The investor is 47.53%, based on production costs, 115.03%, while the profitability coefficient based on the invested capital is 44.49%, and for production costs, 107.67%, and the recovery time of the invested capital is 1.37 years. That is, this project, which achieves an added value, especially for apples that are not suitable for marketing, concludes the research with a number of recommendations, the most important of which is that it should work to encourage agricultural investors to enter this field by providing loans through village banks, development or small projects, and securing a market exchange. for their products, and opening new markets, especially in the field of export.

The effect of supplementsl irrigation, foliar fertilization and NAA hormone on the alternate bearing in pistachio (pistacia vera L.): تأثير الري التكميلي والتسميد الورقي ومنظم النمو NAA على تبادل الحمل لأشجار الفستق الحلبي Pistacia vera

This research (study)was carried out over four years (2017-2020) on Ashori pistachio nut cultivar in a pistachio orchard located in Soran/Hama region (SYRIA) in order to determine the effect of leaves fertilisation, supplementsl irrigation, and NNA treatment on bud shedding, yield, and nut splitting rate in pistachio trees.The experiment was designed according to the split-split-pot designs, where the main plots included supplementsl irrigation treatment (without irrigation, winter irrigation, summer irrigation, winter and summer irrigation) and the first-order plots included leaves fertilization concentrations (0, 1 and 2 g.liter -1) and the second-order plots included NAA levels (0, 25 and 50 ppm). The results indicated that the percentage of floral buds falling down during the fruit yield season, was higher than the non-fruit yield season and it was at its lowest in the third season because of the combined effect of fertilization (2g/lit) and NAA (50 ppm) and it reached (30.9%) and followed by the treatment of NAA (50 ppm) which reached (31.2%). The yield average was at its highest in the fourth fruit yield season (39.49 kg) at the fourth irrigation treatment (winter + summer) whit it was in the control treatment) 29.17 kg). The average percentage of nut splitting in the fourth season was (97.1%) for the effect of fourth irrigation treatment and fertilization level (1 g/lit), followed by the fourth irrigation treatment which the nut splitting was (96.77%).

Role of Abscisic Acid in The Water Balance of Pistachio (Pistacia. vera) Seedlings: دور حمض الابسيسيك في التوازن المائي لغراس الفستق الحلبي (Pistacia vera)

This experiment aims to study the effect of abscisic acid in maintaining water balance under different levels of irrigation. it was carried out in Pistachio Office on two-years-old (P.vera) seedlings growing in polyethylene bags. Three irrigation and three abscisic acid treatments were applied during 2019 and 2020 year. The results showed a significant change of water stress on most of the growth indicators (planting length - planting diameter - leaf area, etc.) which decreased and reached its lowest value when irrigation with 14-day interval between irrigation. As for abscisic acid treatments reduced significantly and avoided the harmful effects of water stress and improved the water balance of seedlings. A significant increase was observed in length of the main axis of seedlings that treated with abscisic acid (59.3 cm) compared with control plants (55.5cm) under water stress conditions, in addition to it was observed an increase in concentration of chlorophyll (38 mg/ g ww) compared to control plants (36.19 mg/ g ww), while the level of proline in the treated plants increased significantly (52.5 mg/ g ww) compared with untreated control plants (50 mg/ g ww), and these results illustrate the important role of abscisic acid in regulating water relations within the plant. And increase the plant's ability to withstand the negative effects of water stress.

Farmers' Awareness of Agricultural Environmental Risks in Kalabshaw and Zayan Area in Dakahlia Governorate: وعي الزراع بالمخاطر البيئية الزراعية بمنطقة قلابشو وزيان بمحافظة الدقهلية

The research aimed to determine the level of farmers’ awareness about of agricultural environmental risks in new reclamation land association's in kalabshaw and zayan region, in dakahlia governorate by determining the level of farmers' awareness of causes of spread of agricultural environmental risks, as well as their awareness level of damage which caused by it, In addition to identify their awareness of spread rate agricultural environmental risks, and resulting damage from it, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges available to farmers to confront agricultural environmental risks in search area. The research was conducted on 337 farmers who were selected randomly and systematically from farmers of new reclamation landassociation's in kalabshaw and zayan region. Data were collected by using a questionnaire, pretest was done until it became valid for collected data during March and April 2021. Morgan and Krejcie equation had been used to determine the sample size. Frequencies, percentages, rang, mean, standard deviation were used to present and analysis study data. The main results are as follows 1- More than two- fifths of farmers 42.4 % Their awareness level of reasons agricultural environmental risks spread was high.. 2- Two- fifths of farmers 40.7 % Their awareness level of awareness of damage which caused by agricultural environmental risks was high. 3- Two- fifths of farmers 40.4 % Their awareness level of diffusion rate agricultural environmental risks spread was high. 4- More than one- third of farmers 38.3 % Their awareness level of extent damage caused agricultural environmental risks spread was high 5- The most important aspects of strengths of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: Be careful to adjust dates of cultvited some crops, especially vegetables, to reduce sides effects of climate change 89%. 6- The most important aspects of weaknesses of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: Climate changes led to decrease productivity of some crops and increase food prices by 88.4%. 7- The most important aspects of opportunities of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: attuide towards to contract farming to prevent the exploitation of traders 89%. 8- The most important aspects of the challenges faced of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: The difficult economic conditions such as rise in land rent and rise prices of production requirements by 90.5%.

Effects of foliar Application with Zinc and Boron On fruitset and yield of Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. var. Bing): تأثير الرش بالزنك والبورون في نسبة العقد والإنتاج للكرز الحلو (Prunus avium L. var. Bing)

The study aims to increase the fruitset percentage of sweet cherry trees, reduce their fall rate and increase fruit retention percentage that reaches the maturity stage. It was conducted during 2019/2020 years at Cherry orchard located in Sargaya- Al- Zabadani area in Rural Damascus, in Syria. the experiment included 4 foliar spray treatments (T1: Control, T2: Zn (100 ppm), T3: B (500 ppm), T4: (100 ppm Zn + 500 ppm B) on sweet cherry trees (Prunus Avium L.) cultivar (Bing) the fruitset percentage, fruit drop percentage, fruiting factor, and yield quantity were calculated for all treatments. The results showed that all treatments (T2, T3, T4) recorded higher fruitset percentage, compared to the control (T1) with no significant differences between (74.83, 76.35, 76.25%) respectively, while the control fruitset percentage (72.76%), and (T4) has achieved the highest percentage of fruiting factor (41.40%) with no significant differences between it and treatment (T3) (37.12%), and the highest yield (19.98 kg), as well as (T2, T3) treatments was (9.39, 10.80 kg/tree) respectively, while the control yield was (5.93 kg/tree). Therefore, it can be considered that treatment (T4) has succeeded in reducing Sweet cherry fruit drop, where the fruit drop percentage didn't exceed (70.27%), and in (T2, T3) treatments was (74.94, 72.99%) respectively, while it reached in the control treatment to (80.64%).

Attitudes of farmers towards irrigation water rationalization practices in some villages of Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate: اتجاهات الزراع نحو ممارسات ترشيد مياه الري ببعض قري محافظة كفر الشيخ

This research aimed to identify the attitude of farmers towards irrigation water rationalization practices, to determine the correlation between the degree of their attitudes towards those practices and the independent variables studied, and to determine the contribution of each of the studied independent variables related to the moral correlation in the interpretation of the total variation in the degrees of trends of farmers towards irrigation water rationalization practices, and finally to identify the obstacles they face when using these practices from their viewpoint. This research was conducted in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, as it is one of the governorates that suffer from water deficit. Kafr El-Sheikh and Desouq districts were randomly selected. Then, in the same way, two villages were selected from each district. The selected villages were Al-Khadimiya and Arrimon in the Kafr El-Sheikh district and Sanhur, and Mehalet Diyai in Desouk district. A random sample of 225 respondents was selected. They represent 5% of the total number of farmers in each of the four selected villages. The frequencies, percentages, and average arithmetic, Standard deviation, weighted average score, Pearson correlation coefficient, step-wise correlation, and multiple regression analysis model were used in data analysis and presentation of the results. The results could be summarized as follows: 1- 25.3% of the respondents' farmers had a negative attitude, 46.7% of them had a neutral attitude, and 28% of them showed positive attitudes towards irrigation water rationalization practices. 2- Combined seven independent variables explained 51% of the total variation in the degree of the researchers ’attitudes towards rationalizing irrigation water practices, which are the respondent’s education, the agricultural land tenure, the degree of exposure to information sources in the field of irrigation water rationalization, the degree of contribution in irrigation extension activities, the degree of neighbors effectiveness, the degree of regeneration, and the number of years of using irrigation water rationalization practices. 3- The most important obstacles are facing the respondents' farmers in terms of rationalizing irrigation water practices are: the high costs of lining irrigation ditches, the scarcity of water at the ends of the canals, the high costs of laser leveling.

Identification of the nitrate and nitrite content in leafy vegetables from the city of Zliten: تحديد محتوى النترات والنتريت في الخضار الورقية من مدينة زليتن

The study identifies the nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) content in leafy vegetables (parsley, chard, coriander) in three agricultural areas in Zliten (Azdo, Dafniya, Madjer) using the colorimeter dr / 980 device, and assesses whether the content is within the comparatively with allowable concentrations. The results obtained from this study show that the nitrate concentrations in all samples examined are within the global standards, with the highest level of 5.5 ppm found in chard samples collected from the area of Azdo. As for nitrite, the concentrations found in the studied samples are higher than nitrate concentrations. Overall, the nitrate and nitrite content are found to be within the permitted concentrations based on international standards, where the highest concentration of nitrite of 60 ppm is recorded in parsley samples from the Dafniya area.

Effect of garlic and ginger extracts on the levels of glucose and Peptide-c in diabetic mice: تأثير مستخلصي الثوم والزنجبيل في مستوى سكر الدم والببتيد c عند الفئران المستحدث عندها داء السكري

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the alcoholic extract of garlic and ginger together on the levels of glucose, peptide -c and body weight in diabetic white mice. The study included 40 male white mice, Balb/c strain, which were divided into four experimental groups (10 mice in each group). The first group was a physiological control that was injected with physiological saline (0.9%) until the end of the experiment. As for the second group, diabetes was induced with a dose of 200 mg/kg of Alloxan hydrate weight of the mouse only, while the third group developed diabetes, and then it was treated with alcoholic extract of garlic and ginger together at a dose of 500 mg/kg of mouse weight for 10 days. While the fourth group developed diabetes and was treated with Glibenclamide. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized and blood was drawn from them by cardiocentesis. The results showed the effectiveness of garlic and ginger extracts in reducing blood glucose concentration by 35.75% and returning Peptide-c levels to their normal levels, equivalent to Glibenclamide (glyburide), which is known as an oral hypoglycemic agent.

Sprouted Syrian Wheat in The Production of Arab Bread: القمح السوري المنبت في إنتاج الخبز العربي

The research aims to study the optimum conditions for germination of Syrian hard wheat Cham 3, and to study the possibility of benefiting from sprouted wheat in fortifying Syrian Arab bread. The results were then treated statistically at the 95% reliability level using the Minitab program version 14. 0. It was evident through the statistical results that the optimum germination conditions for Syrian durum wheat Sham 3 is a temperature of 20 °C for a period of 4 days, as with these conditions the folic acid content reached 1. 75 mg / kg, which is approximately 13 times the folic acid content of meal wheat without sprouting (0. 135 mg / kg). By studying the rheological properties of flour and meal using Alveograph and Mixolab, it was noticed that germination led to a decrease in the strength of meal wheat. Where all the Alveograph indicators (P, L, G, W) and Mixolabs (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, DDT) of germinated wheat significantly decreased compared to both flour and non-germinated meal. It was found that the possibility of benefiting from the Syrian sprouted wheat in fortifying the Syrian Arab bread, and the best percentage of adding crushed wheat sprouts to the Arabic bread is 40%, as it gave a sensory acceptable Arabic bread in terms of texture, separability, foldability and in terms of physical properties. The benefiting from the Syrian sprouted wheat in fortifying the Syrian Arab bread is possible, and the best percentage of adding sprouted wheat meal to the Arabic bread is 40%, as it gives a sensory acceptable Arabic bread in terms of texture, separability, foldability and in terms of physical properties.