Differential Toxicity, Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Metolachlor in Corn (Zea mays) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg A. Dixon ◽  
E. W. Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Differential Toxicity

Metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] toxicity, absorption, translocation, and metabolism were investigated in corn (Zea maysL.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.). Metolachlor did not inhibit seed germination in corn or tuber germination in yellow nutsedge. It did not kill yellow nutsedge tubers that were exposed to 4 ppmw for 9 weeks. Metolachlor (10 ppmw) applied in soil above the seed significantly reduced corn shoot growth, but the same concentration around or below the seed had no effect. A soil mixture with metolachlor (1 ppmw) placed above or around yellow nutsedge tubers significantly reduced shoot growth, but placement around the tuber was the most toxic; placement below the tuber had no effect on shoot growth. The concentration of metolachlor that resulted in 50% reduction of shoot growth of 4-day-old seedlings in solution culture was > 10−4M for corn and <10−6M for yellow nutsedge. Root-applied14C-metolachlor was acropetally translocated to shoots of both species following a 7- to 13-day absorption period, with yellow nutsedge translocating the highest portion of the absorbed material to shoots. In 2-day-old seedlings with roots exposed to14C-metolachlor for up to 48 h, both species absorbed and translocated the radioactivity to shoots, but corn absorbed much more than yellow nutsedge. When the14C-metolachlor was applied to shoots of both species, the radioactivity was translocated basipetally into roots. Yellow nutsedge exuded appreciable14C-metolachlor out of the roots and absorbed more14C-metolachlor through shoot tissues than corn. Both corn and yellow nutsedge seedlings readily converted the14C-metolachlor to metabolites, but corn was able to metabolize the14C-metolachlor at a faster rate than yellow nutsedge and also produced more metabolites.

The Allelopathic Effect of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) on Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk C. Drost ◽  
Jerry D. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Residue Concentration

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of plant residues and extracts of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) plant residues on the growth of corn (Zea maysL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. At equal concentrations, tuber residues reduced the dry weight of corn and soybeans more than foliage residues. As the concentration increased, growth decreased, affecting soybeans more than corn. Soybean growth was significantly reduced by the addition of tuber extracts. At a constant residue concentration, increasing the percentage of sand in the soil mixture reduced the growth of corn and soybeans. Growth inhibition was greatest when tuber residues were in contact with the corn or soybean seed. We conclude that extracts and residues of yellow nutsedge have an allelopathic effect on corn and soybeans under greenhouse conditions.

Acetanilide Herbicides for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Dixon ◽  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
M. D. McGlamery
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Persistence

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the phytotoxicity to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), length of soil persistence, and tolerance of corn (Zea maysL.) to several acetanilide herbicides. The herbicides involved were alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide]. diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine], H-26910 [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)glycine-1-methylethyl ester], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], Ortho 19790 [1-(chloroacetyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxa-1-azaspiro-[4, 5]-decane], and Vel 5052 [2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)acetamide]. Most of these herbicides were equally active on yellow nutsedge in solution culture; only metolachlor and Vel 5052 were significantly more active than H-26910. Metolachlor and alachlor were the most toxic to yellow nutsedge in greenhouse and field experiments. Metolachlor persisted the longest of the herbicides in the field after spring applications. The tolerances of corn differed little among the herbicides at expected use rates.

Effect of Corn (Zea mays) Seeding Date on the Growth of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zain Ghafar ◽  
Alan K. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tuber Size ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Tuber Production

Major differences in above- ground biomass and tuber production of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) were not observed when corn (Zea maysL. “CO-OP S265”) was seeded on different dates (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week of May; and 1st week of June). The final seedbed was prepared just prior to each seeding date and this cultivation stimulated dormant tubers to sprout. As a result, a large population of yellow nutsedge emerged with the corn at all seeding dates. Because fertilizer was banded near the corn row, yellow nutsedge biomass, tuber dry weight and number of tubers were higher within corn rows than between rows. Tuber size was affected by seeding date and shifted toward smaller tubers within corn rows and larger tubers between the rows as the corn was sown late. The optimum seeding date of corn was in the 3rd week of May when the highest corn yield was obtained and yellow nutsedge growth was generally reduced.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Competition and Control in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
L. M. Wax ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
And Control

Competition of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) with corn (Zea maysL.) was evaluated in the field at various yellow nutsedge densities over a 3-yr period. A relationship between yellow nutsedge density (shoots/m2) and percentage yield reduction revealed an 8% yield reduction for every 100 shoots/m2. Two 3-yr studies were conducted to determine the most effective combination of preplant-incorporated, postemergence, or postemergence-directed treatments for yellow nutsedge control in corn. The preplant incorporated treatments were alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), or nothing; postemergence treatments were bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide], two cultivations, or nothing; and the postemergence-directed treatments were ametryn [2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] or nothing. One preplant-incorporated treatment of EPTC or alachlor prevented yield reductions from yellow nutsedge competition. When no control was practiced, yields were reduced 17% in a moderate yellow nutsedge infestation (initially infested with 300 tubers/m2) and 41% in a heavy infestation (initially infested with 1200 tubers/m2). Yields were reduced 7 to 8% in the moderate infestation when no preplant-incorporated treatments were used regardless of whether postemergence or postemergence-directed treatments were also used. After 1 yr, all control measures resulted in less tuber density than no control measures, but all control treatments had essentially similar tuber densities. After the second year, several herbicide treatments were as effective as hand weeding in reducing tuber density. At least 2 yr of effective control treatments were required to reduce tubers to 20% of the original density, and 3 yr of treatment to reduce the density to 15% of the original density. No combination of treatments, including hand weeding, eliminated tubers after 3 yr.

Effect of Corn (Zea mays) Population on the Growth of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zain Ghafar ◽  
Alan K. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tuber Number ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Tuber Weight ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Ground Biomass

Increasing the corn (Zea maysL. “CO-OP S265”) population from 33 300 to 133 300 plants per hectare in the field significantly reduced yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) above-ground biomass, tuber number, tuber weight and yellow nutsedge height at the end of growing season, and significantly increased corn yield. Photosynthetically active radiation below corn canopies decreased with increasing corn population and corresponded to reductions in yellow nutsedge above-ground biomass, tuber weight and tuber number. These results demonstrate that available light is a major factor in yellow nutsedge competition with corn. The size of yellow nutsedge was also reduced at high corn densities. These results support the use of crop manipulation in an integrated yellow nutsedge management system in corn.

Absorption, Translocation, and Toxicity of Foliar-Applied Imazaquin in Yellow and Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusandC. rotundus)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujjanagouda B. Nandihalli ◽  
Leo E. Bendixen
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Quinolinecarboxylic Acid

Imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} absorption, translocation, and toxicity were investigated in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) and purple nutsedge (C. rotundusL. # CYPRO) after foliar treatment. Imazaquin rates from 0.125 to 0.375 kg ai/ha were sprayed on nutsedge plants at the four-leaf stage. Compared to untreated plants, these rates reduced the main shoot growth of yellow nutsedge by 70 to 86% and that of purple nutsedge by 80 to 92% at 28 days after application (DAA). However, the regrowth as measured by tiller production was significantly greater at 0.125 and 0.188 kg/ha rates than at higher rates. The plants treated with 0.313 and 0.375 rates had no rhizomes or tubers at the 28 DAA sampling. In yellow nutsedge, absorption of14C-imazaquin increased from 36% at 1 DAA to 57% at 8 DAA. of the total absorbed14C, 12% translocated from the treated area by 8 DAA. Roots and rhizomes accumulated equal amounts of radioactivity. In purple nutsedge, the absorption of imazaquin increased from 17% at 1 DAA to 53% at 8 DAA. Translocation of absorbed14C in purple nutsedge at 8 DAA was 21%. Rhizomes accumulated significantly greater amounts of14C than the roots.

Yellow Nutsedge, Giant Green Foxtail, and Fall Panicum Control in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Parochetti
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Panicum Dichotomiflorum

In a 3-year field study in corn (Zea maysL.), several herbicides and combinations were studied for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.). Best yellow nutsedge control (87 to 88%) resulted from applications of 4.48 kg/ha of either alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] preplant incorporated or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] preplant incorporated plus atrazine postemergence with a phytobland oil. Between 72 to 83% control of yellow nutsedge resulted from applications of 2.24 kg/ha of alachlor, 4.48 kg/ha of butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), and combinations of atrazine plus butylate. Greater than 90% control of giant green foxtail and fall panicum resulted from butylate plus atrazine or alachlor; postemergence applications of atrazine resulted in significantly less control of fall panicum or giant green foxtail.

Comparison of Four Cropping Systems for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen ◽  
J. H. Miller ◽  
C. H. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Substantial Control

Four cropping systems were evaluated from 1975 to 1977 for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.). Crops grown in 1975 and 1976 included alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Elcamino WL-600′), barley(Hordeum vulgareL. ‘CM-67′), corn (Zea maysL. ‘Dekalb T214′), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′). Herbicides used included butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) in corn, EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) in alfalfa, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in fallow plots, and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) in cotton. Cotton, which was grown continuously as one of the four cropping systems, was the only crop grown in 1977. Based on weed counts, crop yields, and the consistent decline in the number of tubers, all cropping systems provided substantial control of yellow nutsedge each year. Two years of either alfalfa treated with EPTC or double cropping barley with corn treated with butylate preceeding cotton reduced the number of viable yellow nutsedge tubers by 96%. Two years of chemically fallowing plots with glyphosate following barley and preceeding cotton was 98% effective in reducing viable tubers. Treating continuous cotton with MSMA, although somewhat inferior to the above systems, reduced the number of viable nutsedge tubers by 91% in 3 yr.

Seed Production and Germination inCyperus esculentusandC. rotundus

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Thullen ◽  
P. E. Keeley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) produced an average of 1227 and 6685 flowers per inflorescence from eight California fields sampled during 1974, 1975, and 1976. Up to 17% of the flowers produced seeds and up to 78% of the seed germinated. There was a linear relationship between seed weight and germination percentage. Purple nutsedge (C.rotundusL.) averaged between 186 and 1354 flowers per inflorescence from three California fields sampled in 1974 and 1976. Only 43 purple nutsedge seed were collected and none germinated. Yellow nutsedge produced viable seed about 2 weeks after anthesis. A day/night temperature of 38/32 C was best for seed germination, especially when accompanied by a light period. Yellow nutsedge has potential to reproduce by seed, but probability of purple nutsedge reproducing by seed is low.

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