Effects of Herbicides on Nitrogen Fixation of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Peters ◽  
M. Ben Zbiba
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], butralin[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], diclofopmethyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate} and 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] were evaluated in the greenhouse for effects on growth, nodulation, and NH3 production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and medium red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Some reduction in nodulation occurred from some rates of the herbicides, but reduction in nodulation was usually associated with reduced plant growth caused by herbicidal injury.

Bromoxynil, Chloroxynil, and 2,4-DB for Establishing Alfalfa and Medium Red Clover

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elroy J. Peters ◽  
S. A. Lowance
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Significant Yield

When almost no broadleaf weeds were present, 0.56 kg/ha of the butoxyethanol ester and 0.84 kg/ha of the dimethylamine salt of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2, 4-DB) caused no yield reductions of seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); but 0.56 kg/ha of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) caused slight reductions. Rates of bromoxynil above 0.56 kg/ha caused significant yield reductions of alfalfa. Broadleaf weeds, when present, shielded alfalfa from the bromoxynil so that reduction in yields of broadleaf weeds and increases in alfalfa were similar to those obtained with 2,4-DB. At equivalent rates 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (hereinafter referred to as chloroxynil) was less effective than bromoxynil for controlling broadleaf weeds and also was less injurious to alfalfa. When no weeds were present at time of application, bromoxynil at a rate of 0.56 kg/ha or greater and chloroxynil at 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha significantly reduced yields of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). When weeds were present bromoxynil did not reduce yields of red clover until the 1.12-kg rate was reached. Chloroxynil did not reduce yields at rates as high as 1.12 kg/ha. Excellent control of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) was obtained, and no reduction in alfalfa or red clover occurred with 0.28 kg/ha of bromoxynil or chloroxynil mixed with 0.56 kg/ha of 2,4-DB ester.

Selectivity Factors in the Response of Plants to 2,4-DB

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Hawf ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Foliar spray retention, absorption and translocation, and the dissipation of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were examined to determine their importance as selectivity factors in the response of two 2,4-DB-tolerant legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and two susceptible broadleaf weeds, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.). The legumes were as effective as the broadleaf weeds in metabolizing (beta-oxidizing) 2,4-DB to 2,4-D. The relatively greater tolerance of the legumes than of the broadleaf weeds to 2,4-DB arose from a combination of poorer spray retention, less effective absorption and translocation, and a more rapid degradation of the 2,4-D arising from the beta-oxidation of 2,4-DB.

scholarly journals Precrop Effect of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the Population Development of the Northern Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 and on Succeeding Crops—A Pot Study

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Renata Dobosz ◽  
Roman Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Tomato Growth

The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is a major pest of many crop species. The objective of the study was to determine how M. hapla population dynamics is affected by two precrops, i.e., Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa, in three crop durations: one, two and three years of continuous cultivation. Moreover, we set ourselves the task of evaluating the effect of the legume precrop soil on the growth of the succeeding tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) and on the nematode population. The experiment was performed outdoors in pots with naturally infected soil. Both precrop species investigated were found to modify the J2 nematode population density in the soil. The galls and nematode females with egg masses were observed on the roots of both studied plant species at the end of each growing season. They appeared to be more abundant on the red clover roots than on those of the alfalfa. The obtained data indicate that the spring soil sampling is more appropriate for the estimation of the M. hapla population density in the red clover precrop soil. The legume precrop soil had a limiting effect on tomato growth and fruit yield. The nematode population negatively influenced tomato growth. The experiment revealed that tomato plants could be planted in alfalfa precrop soil following at least three years of continuous alfalfa cultivation. The same cannot be said of the cultivation of red clover as a precrop for tomatoes.

COMPARISON OF YIELD COMPONENTS OF RED CLOVER AND ALFALFA

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. BOWLEY ◽  
C. T. DOUGHERTY ◽  
N. L. TAYLOR ◽  
P. L. CORNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Selection For

Yield components of five regrowth cycles, two in 1981 and three in 1982, of three red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations and three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars were compared in swards. Red clover left more stubble but produced less herbage and accumulated total yield (herbage, stubble and 10 cm depth root) at a slower rate than alfalfa during most regrowths. The percent leaf at flowering of red clover was similar to that of alfalfa. Maximum LAI declined during successive regrowths each year. Maximum crop growth rates were 30 and 34 g m−2 d−1 for red clover and alfalfa, respectively. Stem development (canopy height) followed patterns of accumulation of herbage yield. The initiation of stems was slower in red clover and stem populations were less than that of alfalfa. Selection for faster stem initiation rates, higher stem populations, and reduced partitioning of dry matter towards stem bases which would be left as stubble were suggested as ways of increasing the herbage yield of red clover.Key words: Trifolium pratense L., Medicago sativa L., yield components, growth analysis clover (red), alfalfa

scholarly journals Field-scale spatial variation in yields and nitrogen fixation of clover-grass leys and in soil nutrients

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NYKÄNEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN ◽  
LINDSTRÖM KEMPPAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Clover Content

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) plays a crucial role in organic farming and red clover (Trifolium pratense) is cultivated widely in boreal grasslands for BNF. A geostatistical method, model-based kriging, was used to determine the spatial variation in yield, clover content and BNF of clover-grass leys as well as soil chemical properties throughout two fields in 2004-2006. Based on this variation, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the similar patterns of variation. On one location, total dry matter yields of the leys decreased over three production years from 9 700 to 4 100 kg ha-1, clover content from 53 to 26% and BNF from 150 to 40 kg N ha-1, whereas on the other location the yields increased from 6 500 to 7 100 kg ha-1, clover content from 52 to 62% and BNF from 100 to 120 kg N ha-1. Nutrient concentrations in soil also varied greatly within the fields, although this depended on the nutrient species. Kriging combined with PCA described the spatial variation of ley parameters very informatively, but was not as powerful for describing the pattern of nutrients. Based on the spatial dependence determined in the two fields investigated, it seems that the sampling distance should be 80 m for soil nutrients, 100 m for yield and 60 m for clover content and BNF determination, respectively.;

scholarly journals Ileal amino acid digestibilities in pigs of barley-based diets with inclusion of lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reverter ◽  
T. Lundh ◽  
J. E. Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility

Two experiments were performed with post-valve T-cannulated growing pigs, using five animals in each experiment in a change-over design to evaluate the effect of inclusion of four different dried forage meals on ileal crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. The control diets (C1 and C2) were barley-based and the experimental diets were formulated by replacing the barley with 100 or 200 g/kg of either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or white clover (Trifolium repens) meal in Expt 1 and red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) meal in Expt 2. A decrease (P< 0·05) in the apparent ileal digestibility of CP and most of the essential and nonessential AA was found with the inclusion of lucerne, white clover and perennial ryegrass meal in the barley-based diets. When red clover meal was included, only the apparent ileal digestibilities of CP, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamic acid were found to decrease (P< 0·05). The estimated apparent ileal digestibilities of most essential AA in the forage meals were lower than in the barley-based diets. The ileal flow of glucosamine and ornithine was found to increase (P< 0·05) with increasing proportion of fibre in the diet, suggesting an increase in endogenous N secretions and small-intestinal microbial activity. With the minor changes found for ileal essential AA digestibilities with forage meal inclusion in the diet the present data confirm the potential of forage meals as a source of protein in pig diets.

scholarly journals Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth, Nitrogen Fixation and Nutrient Uptake in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under Salt Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency

AbstractMost legumes in natural conditions form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi in saline soils have been reported to improve salinity tolerance and growth in plants. In the present study, interaction between mycorrhizal fungus,Glomus mosseae, and salinity stress in relation to plant growth, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient accumulation was evaluated in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Two alfalfa cultivars (Bami and Yazdi) were compared under different levels of salinity with and without mycorrhizal inoculations. Salt stress resulted in a noticeable decline in shoot and root dry matter accumulation, resulting in a decline in the shoot to root ratio (SRR) in all plants. However, Bami was found to be more tolerant to salinity than Yazdi. Inoculated plants exhibited better growth and biomass accumulation under stressed as well as unstressed conditions. Mycorrhizal colonization (MC) was reduced with increasing salinity levels, but the mycorrhizal dependency (MD) increased, which was more evident in Yazdi. Nodulation was completely inhibited under salt stress conditions for both non - AM inoculated alfalfa varieties. Nodulation only occurred in inoculated plants. Nitrogenase activity was reduced with increasing salt concentrations. AM inoculated plants had considerably higher nodule numbers, dry weights, and nitrogenase activity under nonsaline environments. Bami had a comparatively lower Na+concentration and higher K+and Ca2+concentrations than Yazdi. Although nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents declined with increasing salinity, Bami had higher levels of N and P, as compared with Yazdi. Plants inoculated withGlomus mosseaehad better plant growth and nitrogen fixation under salt stress.

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