Rotation and Continuous use of Dietholate, Fonofos, and SC-0058 on EPTC Persistence in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Brent W. Bean ◽  
Fred W. Roeth ◽  
Alex R. Martin ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Enhanced Biodegradation ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Biodegradation In Soil

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the influence of continuous use and rotation of extenders on EPTC persistence in soils from Clay Center and Scottsbluff, NE. Rotation of EPTC + dietholate and EPTC + fonofos in soils with three prior annual treatments of each combination did not improve weed control compared to continuous use. SC-0058 was generally effective in slowing EPTC biodegradation in soils previously treated with EPTC, EPTC + dietholate, EPTC + fonofos, or EPTC + SC-0058. Dietholate was effective in slowing EPTC biodegradation in soil previously treated with EPTC or EPTC + SC-0058. SC-0058 appeared to have an inhibitory influence on the initial development of soil-enhanced EPTC biodegradation. Any enhanced biodegradation of dietholate or SC-0058 that may occur after repeated use was not a factor in enhanced EPTC degradation in EPTC + extender history soils.

Enhanced Biodegradation of Herbicides in Soil and Effects on Weed Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gordon Harvey ◽  
J. H. Dekker ◽  
Richard S. Fawcett ◽  
Fred W. Roeth ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Species ◽  
North Central ◽  
Herbicide Degradation ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Enhanced Biodegradation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Repeated Use

Research conducted since 1979 in the north central United States and southern Canada demonstrated that after repeated annual applications of the same thiocarbamate herbicide to the same field, control of some difficult-to-control weed species was reduced. Laboratory studies of herbicide degradation in soils from these fields indicated that these performance failures were due to more rapid or “enhanced” biodegradation of the thiocarbamate herbicides after repeated use with a shorter period during which effective herbicide levels remained in the soils. Weeds such as wild proso millet [Panicum miliaceumL. spp.ruderale(Kitagawa) Tzevelev. #3PANMI] and shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. # SORVU] which germinate over long time periods were most likely to escape these herbicides after repeated use. Adding dietholate (O,O-diethylO-phenyl phosphorothioate) to EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate) reduced problems caused by enhanced EPTC biodegradation in soils treated previously with EPTC alone but not in soils previously treated with EPTC plus dietholate. While previous use of other thiocarbamate herbicides frequently enhanced biodegradation of EPTC or butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate], previous use of other classes of herbicides or the insecticide carbofuran (2,3 -dihydro-2,2 -dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) did not. Enhanced biodegradation of herbicides other than the thiocarbamates was not observed.

Biodegradation of Butylate, EPTC, and Extenders in Previously Treated Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gordon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Enhanced Biodegradation ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Herbicide Use

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the ability of the extenders dietholate and SC-0058 to prevent enhanced biodegradation of EPTC and butylate applied to Wisconsin soils with different histories of carbamothioate herbicide use. Enhanced EPTC and butylate biodegradation occurred in soils previously treated with those herbicides. Enhanced biodegradation of dietholate occurred on soils previously treated with that extender plus either EPTC or butylate. Enhanced dietholate biodegradation was observed when applied alone or in combination with butylate or EPTC. Application with dietholate prevented enhanced biodegradation of butylate but not EPTC even though enhanced biodegradation of dietholate was occurring. Enhanced biodegradation of SC-0058 did not occur. SC-0058 prevented enhanced EPTC and butylate biodegradation even in soils previously treated for three consecutive years with the respective herbicide plus SC-0058. Application of either 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha SC-0058 plus 6.7 kg/ha EPTC provided equal or better wild proso millet control and sweet corn yields than applications of EPTC alone or EPTC plus dietholate.

Decreased Activity of EPTC + R-25788 Following Repeated use in Some New Zealand Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Rahman ◽  
Trevor K. James
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Problem Soils ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
First Time

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments showed that the biological activity of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) was lost more rapidly in soils if they had been previously treated with this herbicide. Treatments which reduced or eliminated the microbial activity in the soil restored the herbicide activity in ‘problem’ soils. A combination of 2 kg/ha of the insecticide fensulfothion (diethyl-4-methylsulphinyl phenyl phosphorothionate) with EPTC + R-25788 also restored the biological activity of the herbicide. Field trials confirmed the decreased biological activity with repeated use of EPTC + R-25788; other herbicides recommended for grass weed control in corn (Zea maysL.) performed satisfactorily in these ‘problem’ soils. The performance of EPTC + R-25788 was improved by a rotation away from it for one season (using another herbicide) but the level of activity was still below that obtained in a soil treated with EPTC + R-25788 for the first time. A new formulation of EPTC + R-25788 containing a herbicide extender R-33865 (O,O-diethyl-O-phenyl phosphorothioate) was not affected by the enhanced microbiological breakdown and provided effective season-long weed control in the ‘problem’ soils.

Effect of Herbicide Rotations on Enhanced Herbicide Biodegradation and Wild-Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gordon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Enhanced Biodegradation ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Herbicide Biodegradation

A 6-yr field study was conducted to determine the effect of herbicide rotations on enhanced biodegradation of EPTC applied with and without dietholate, and on long-term control of wild-proso millet in sweet corn. Alachlor plus pendimethalin plus cyanazine or cycloate plus cyanazine for 1 yr following previous EPTC plus cyanazine applications reduced enhanced EPTC biodegradation in 3 of 4 and 2 of 3 yr, respectively. Enhanced biodegradation of EPTC applied with dietholate was reduced in 1 of 2 yr when EPTC plus dietholate plus cyanazine treatments were followed for 1 yr by alachlor plus cyanazine, pendimethalin plus cyanazine, or cycloate plus cyanazine, but was not reduced in 2 of 3 yr when EPTC plus dietholate plus cyanazine treatments were followed for 1 yr by alachlor plus pendimethalin plus cyanazine. Dietholate biodegradation was enhanced in soils treated 1, 2, or 3 yr previously with one application of EPTC plus dietholate plus cyanazine. After 3 yr of repeated use, cycloate biodegradation was also enhanced. Continuous use of EPTC plus cyanazine and EPTC plus dietholate plus cyanazine over 6 yr provided an average of only 46 and 64% wild-proso millet control, respectively. When applied once every second, third, or fourth year in rotation with alachlor plus pendimethalin plus cyanazine or cycloate plus cyanazine, EPTC plus cyanazine provided 83, 86, and 95% wild-proso millet control, respectively. EPTC plus dietholate plus cyanazine applied every second, third, or fourth year in rotation with cycloate plus cyanazine, alachlor plus cyanazine, pendimethalin plus cyanazine, or alachlor plus by pendimethalin plus cyanazine provided 88, 91, and 95% wild-proso millet control, respectively.

scholarly journals Potential nursing effects of Parkia platycephala Benth. (Fabaceae) in a disturbed Brazilian Savanna area undergoing restoration

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiderson Silva Cabral ◽  
Maíra Jéssica Gomes de Souza ◽  
Rafael José De Oliveira ◽  
Ronaldo Rodrigues Coimbra ◽  
Fernando Mayer Pelicice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Savanna ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Plant Assemblages ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Shading Plant ◽  
Dipteryx Alata

We evaluated the influence of Parkia platycephala on plant assemblages under its crown and surrounding areas in a disturbed Brazilian Savanna, as well as the effects of aqueous extracts of its leaves on the germination and development of three species, under the hypothesis that P. platycephala might work as a nurse species. Eleven areas of direct (ADIs) and indirect (AIIs) influence of P. platycephala and 11 control areas (COs) were delineated. All tree and shrub species present in these areas, including seedlings, were sampled. Richness, composition and abundance of woody taxa were determined. Laboratory studies analyzed the effects of P. platycephala aqueous leaf extracts on the germination and initial development of Dipteryx alata, Enterolobium gummiferum and Magonia pubescens, which in the field exhibited different abundance levels under its crown. Regarding plant assemblages, no differences in terms of richness and abundance of woody taxa were detected among the areas. However, we recorded a gradient of species composition and abundance ranks from ADI to CO areas. The number of seedlings also differed, with higher values near P. platycephala. Soil characteristics were similar among areas, but shading, plant height and diameter differed. The aqueous leaf extract at 25% provided the best germination of M. pubescens. The extract at 75% favored the initial development of this species in terms of root length. These results indicate that the presence of P. platycephala affects the structure of neighboring plant assemblages, possibly working as a facilitator for some species in areas undergoing restoration.

Cross-enhancement of carbofuran biodegradation in soil samples previously treated with carbamate pesticides

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1767-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Morel-Chevillet ◽  
Nisha R. Parekh ◽  
Dominique Pautrel ◽  
Jean-Claude Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Carbamate Pesticides ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Biodegradation In Soil

Weed Control Systems in Cotton on Tifton Loamy Sand Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde C. Dowler ◽  
E. W. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
And Control ◽  
Continuous Use

We evaluated nine systems of weed control over a 3-year period for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) tolerance and control of weeds on Tifton loamy sand soil. Cultivation with sweeps did not control weeds effectively, which allowed weed competition to reduce cotton yields. Five cultivations plus an annual average of 185 hr/ha hand-hoeing was required to keep cotton relatively free of weeds for 7 to 8 weeks after planting. The use of herbicides offered certain economic advantages over systems using only cultural practices in controlling weeds. A preplant application of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) reduced annual hand-hoeing requirements by 66 hr/ha. The level of weed control at harvest time increased each year in all systems that used a herbicide program, but not where only cultivation or hand-hoeing was used. The continuous use of specific weed-control systems shifted weed populations. Systems that achieved 100% control by the end of the third year included all of the following: (a) a preplanting or at planting treatment of trifluralin or EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) plus (b) a preemergence application of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], (c) two directed postemergence sprays with MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate), and (d) diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] and Florida pusley (Richardia scabraL.) were nearly eliminated where we used trifluralin. Systems that did not include a postemergence application of MSMA allowed common cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicumWallr.), Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC], and other weeds to emerge and remain in the crop row, reducing yield of lint cotton. Cotton yield appeared to be directly related to the level of early-season weed control. We did not detect biologically active soil residues at harvest time each year. Our weed-control systems did not affect cotton fiber length, strength, or color.

F VIII Inhibitors in Haemophilia A Patients who Are Considered as Previously Treated Patients.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4022-4022
Author(s):  
Ch. von Auer ◽  
M. Krause ◽  
W. Miesbach ◽  
I. Scharrer ◽  
G. Asmelash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Haemophilia A ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Large Deletions ◽  
Factor Viii Concentrates ◽  
Previously Treated Patients ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Factor Concentrate ◽  
Continuous Use

Abstract Previously treated patients (PTP), who have not developed an inhibitor (inh) so far, are considered to be tolerant to factor VIII and at low risk for inh development. Therefore inh detection in a PTP should raise concerns about the concomitant variables such as product neo-antigenicity or way of application. In our own center we recently detected the new development of a high responding inh to factor VIII in a 58 year old patient with severe haemophilia A. To find out about the current situation regarding inh development in PTP in Germany, we conducted a retrospective study. A questionnaire was sent to 99 haemophilia treating physicians, so far 46 of them answered. 24 PTP-inh were registered during the last 5 years. Patients had at least 20 ED and/or one change of factor concentrate. Age (9 months to 70 years, median 35), severity of haemophilia A (16 severe, 2 moderate, 6 mild), exposure days (ED 6 to >1500, median 37) and genotype (4 intron-22-inversions, 3 large deletions, 2 missense mutations, 1 stop mutation, 1 insertion, 1 small deletion, 11 unknown) were recorded. 8 different factor VIII concentrates were given during inh development (5 plasma derived, 3 recombinant). Way of application (16 bolus infusion, 3 continuous infusion, 5 times both), infused amount until inh development (3000 IU to >1 mio IU), inh characteristic (15 HR, 9 LR), concomitant diseases and medication were registered. In conclusion it became obvious that inh in PTP are still a serious and underestimated problem in haemophilia treatment today. Our patient numbers are still too small to draw conclusions concerning given F VIII products or way of application. Secondly data showed that there is a variety of PTP definitions in Germany, referring to age of pat, number of ED and former change of product. A definition from the SSC of the ISTH for PTP would be helpful. The continuous use of the German register for drug side effects would make it easier to evaluate data in the future. A prospective, not product related study should be conducted.

Enhanced Herbicide Biodegradation in South Carolina Soils Previously Treated with Butylate

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Skipper ◽  
E. C. Murdock ◽  
D. T. Gooden ◽  
J. P. Zublena ◽  
M. A. Amakiri
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Microbial Inhibitors ◽  
Cross Adaptation ◽  
Enhanced Biodegradation ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Bioassay Data ◽  
Herbicide Biodegradation

Experiments were conducted to investigate enhanced biodegradation of carbamothioates and to evaluate the effect of microbial inhibitors on the efficacy of butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate), and vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate) in soils that had received butylate treatment in previous years (butylate-history soils). Inhibitors used were fonofos (O-ethyl-S-phenylether phosphonodithioate) and R-33865 (O,O-diethyl-O-phenylphosphorothioate). R-33865 and fonofos significantly improved control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] with butylate and EPTC in corn (Zea maysL. ‘Coker 21’). Bioassay data reflected more residual phytotoxicity from butylate and EPTC when these herbicides were combined with the microbial inhibitors. In butylate-history soils planted to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Wright’], R-33865 did not improve the efficacy of vernolate. These results indicated some cross-adaptation of the butylate-adapted microorganisms for EPTC, but no cross-adaptation was detected for vernolate. Under laboratory conditions,14C-butylate was degraded more rapidly to14CO2in butylate-history soils than in non-butylate-history soils.

Butylate Persistence and Activity in Soils Previously Treated with Thiocarbamates

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Tuxhorn ◽  
Fred W. Roeth ◽  
Alex R. Martin ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Herbicide Activity

Butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] persistence was compared in three soils that were treated annually with four thiocarbamate herbicides in 1981 and 1982. Butylate degraded faster in soils treated two consecutive years with butylate + dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-prophenylacetamide) than in soils treated for 2 yr with EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate) + dichlormid, cycloate (S-ethyl cyclohexylethylcarbamothioate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate) + dichlormid, or from previously untreated soils. Butylate + dichlormid applications in 1981 and 1982 enhanced butylate degradation in 1983 at all locations and reduced weed control at two locations. Previously untreated soil or soil previously treated with two annual applications of butylate + dichlormid was treated with 6 ppmw butylate, incubated for 14 days, analyzed for residual butylate, and bioassayed for herbicide activity. Bioassay indicated higher herbicidal activity than was predicted by the residual butylate concentration. A herbicidally active metabolite may be produced during the soil degradation of butylate.

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