Efficacy and Mode of Action of CGA-154281, A Protectant for Corn (Zea mays) from Metolachlor Injury

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loston Rowe ◽  
James J. Kells ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Polar Metabolite ◽  
Significant Injury

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the influence of herbicide rate, hybrid variability, and soil moisture on the effectiveness of CGA-154281 in protecting corn seedlings from metolachlor injury. High rates of metolachlor caused significant injury to seedlings of sensitive corn hybrids. However, with metolachlor plus CGA-154281, very few injury symptoms were observed, even with the 7.8 kg ha–1rate and the most sensitive hybrid. Corn seedlings were not injured by metolachlor plus CGA-154281 at the highest soil moisture level evaluated, whereas those treated with metolachlor alone showed 70% injury. Metolachlor injury increased as soil moisture content increased. In the greenhouse, CGA-154281 did not protect any of the eight weed species tested against injury by 2.2 kg ha–1metolachlor. In laboratory studies, CGA-154281 did not alter the absorption of14C-metolachlor during an 8-h period. Qualitative comparison of the metabolism of metolachlor in the presence or absence of the protectant indicated that metolachlor was metabolized to a more polar metabolite, believed to be a glutathione conjugate. However, CGA-154281 significantly enhanced the rate of metabolism of metolachlor in three of the four hybrids tested. Metolachlor metabolism activity may already have been functioning at a maximum level in the unaffected hybrid.

Laboratory and field studies on the degradation of fipronil in a soil

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Guo Ying ◽  
Rai Kookana
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Sulfone Derivatives

Degradation of a new insecticide/termiticide, fipronil, in a soil was studied in the laboratory and field. Three metabolites of fipronil (desulfinyl, sulfide, and sulfone derivatives) were identified from soils after treatment. Laboratory studies showed that soil moisture content had a great effect on the degradation rate of fipronil and products formed. High soil moisture contents (>50%) favored the formation of a sulfide derivative of fipronil by reduction, whereas low soil moisture (<50%) and well-aerated conditions favored the formation of fipronil sulfone by oxidation. Microorganisms in soil accelerated the degradation of fipronil to sulfide and sulfone derivatives. The third transformation product, a desulfinyl derivative, was formed by photodecomposition of fipronil in water and on the soil surface under sunlight. The desulfinyl derivative degraded rapidly in field soils with a half-life of 41–55 days compared with an average half-life of 132 days for fipronil. The half-life of the 'total toxic component' (fipronil and its metabolites) in field soil was 188 days on average.

Influence of Soil Moisture on Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Florpyrauxifen-benzyl

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ryan Miller ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Acid Form ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Treated Leaf

AbstractFlorpyrauxifen-benzyl is a new active ingredient that represents an additional tool in rice (Oryza sativaL.) weed control by providing an alternative mechanism of action. Studies were conducted to evaluate soil moisture influences on florpyrauxifen-benzyl absorption, translocation, and metabolism in three problematic weeds. In the absorption/translocation study, barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.], hemp sesbania [Sesbania herbacea(Mill.) McVaugh], and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) were treated with [14C]florpyrauxifen-benzyl under two soil moisture regimes (7.5% and 60% field capacity). Greater absorption occurred under moist conditions (60% soil moisture content). More translocation of the herbicide to the area above the treated leaf occurred under moist versus dry soil across all weed species.Sesbania herbaceatranslocated 25% of the absorbed herbicide above the treated leaf, a result greater than that of the other two weed species at 60% soil moisture. However, no differences in translocation occurred among the weed species at the 7.5% soil moisture regime. In the metabolism study, 95% of the herbicide recovered was in its acid form under the high soil moisture regime forS. herbacea, a species that shows extreme sensitivity to even low doses of this herbicide, and soil moisture influenced the amount of acid form found in all species. While these data provide a limited view into the physiological processes being affected, they do suggest that forE. crus-galli,S. herbacea, andC. esculentus, soil moisture content in the field will likely play a significant role in absorption, translocation, and metabolism of florpyrauxifen-benzyl.

Effect of imazamox, fomesafen, and acifluorfen soil residue on rotational crops

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarcísio Cobucci ◽  
Hélio T. Prates ◽  
Christian L. M. Falcão ◽  
Marcio M. V. Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Carryover Effect ◽  
Rotational Crop ◽  
Soil Residue ◽  
Crop Planting

Field studies were conducted at Goiânia, GO, Brazil, on an Oxisol (clayey, kaolinitic, isothermic, Typic Haplustox) and at Jussara, GO, Brazil, on an Oxisol (loamy sand, kaolinitic, isothermic, Typic Haplustox) during 1995 and 1996 to determine the carryover effect of fomesafen, imazamox, and acifluorfen, applied to edible bean, on rotational crops (maize, sorghum, rice, and millet) and to estimate the level of soil residues under Brazilian Savanna conditions. Averaged across locale, year, and rate, fomesafen dissipation time (DT50) (37.5 d) was longer than acifluorfen (27.5 d) and imazamox (25.9 d). For both locations, soil herbicide persistence (average of herbicides) was longer in 1995 than in 1996. This was due to higher soil moisture content in 1996. The sensitivity of rotational crops to fomesafen and imazamox residues was, in decreasing order: sorghum, corn, millet, and rice, and for acifluorfen: sorghum, corn, rice, and millet. The period between herbicide application and rotational crop planting (PAP) varied in agreement with the sensitivity of rotational crops to herbicide residues in soil and the persistence of the herbicide. Considering both location and year, the PAP for fomesafen (250 g ai ha−1) ranged from 69 to 132 d for corn, 114 to 179 d for sorghum, 29 to 95 d for rice, and 52 to 111 d for millet; the PAP for imazamox (40 g ai ha−1) ranged from 68 to 111 d for corn, 78 to 139 d for sorghum, 25 to 75 d for rice, and 40 to 102 d for millet; and the PAP for acifluorfen (170 g ai ha−1) ranged from 56 to 89 d for corn, 96 to 139 d for sorghum, 61 to 95 d for rice, and 43 to 82 d for millet.

Impact of Fall and Early Spring Herbicide Applications on Insect Injury and Soil Conditions in No-Till Corn

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Monnig ◽  
Thomas L. Clark ◽  
Wayne C. Bailey ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
No Till ◽  
Annual Weeds

Field studies were established at two Missouri locations in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the effects of fall and early spring herbicide applications on soil temperature, soil moisture content, and insect injury in no-till corn production systems. Both experiments received applications of simazine plus 2,4-D, rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron plus 2,4-D, and glyphosate plus 2,4-D in the fall, 45 d prior to planting (45 d EPP), 30 d prior to planting (30 d EPP), and 7 d prior to planting (7 d EPP). During a period from April 1 to April 14, simazine plus 2,4-D applied 45 d EPP resulted in higher soil temperatures at a 5-cm depth compared to the untreated control. However, there were few differences in soil temperature present from April 15 to May 1. Soil moisture readings taken during this same time period correlated with soil temperature readings. Measurements of soil moisture taken at 1 and 3 wk after planting (WAP) revealed significantly lower soil moisture readings in the untreated compared to herbicide treated plots. This lower soil moisture content allowed untreated plots to warm up more rapidly and thereby eliminated any negative impacts that dense stands of winter annual weeds may have had on soil temperature. Evaluations of corn flea beetle and lepidopteron injury taken at the V2, V4, and V6 corn leaf stages revealed significant differences in injury as a result of these treatments. When dense stands of winter and summer annual weeds were left uncontrolled, corn flea beetle injury was significantly lower than in plots treated with a herbicide. However, when a post herbicide application was made to remove all weed species prior to the V6 sampling date, differences in corn flea beetle injury between the untreated and herbicide treated plots were eliminated. Additionally, removal of all weed species led to higher lepidopteron injury in the untreated.

Sorption, Mobility and Degradation of Triclopyr and 2,4-D on Four Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Terry L. Lavy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Dark Incubator ◽  
Water Tension

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the relative sorption, mobility, and degradation rates of triclopyr and 2,4-D on two surface soils and two subsoils from the rice-producing areas of Arkansas. Triclopyr sorption was slightly greater than 2,4-D sorption. However, mobility of the herbicides on a given soil did not differ. Sorption of both herbicides was greatest and mobility lowest on a subsoil with the lowest pH. Triclopyr degradation rates were lower than 2,4-D degradation rates in a dark incubator. The average half life was 138 d for triclopyr and 21 d for 2,4-D. High soil moisture content (0 versus 100 kPa water tension) increased the rate of 2,4-D degradation. Triclopyr degraded more rapidly at 30 C than at 15 C. The dissipation rates of both herbicides were lowest on the soil on which sorption was greatest.

Factors Affecting Chloroacetanilide Injury to Corn (Zea mays)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 904-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loston Rowe ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Moisture Level ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Low Rate

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of herbicide, herbicide rate, genetic variability, and soil moisture content on the tolerance of corn seedlings to two chloroacetanilide herbicides. Alachlor and metolachlor were applied preemergence at 2.2, 3.4, 4.5, and 6.7 kg ha-1to 10 Great Lakes corn hybrids. Metolachlor appeared to be less injurious at the low rate and more injurious at the high rate than alachlor. Injury among the 10 hybrids tested varied significantly. Some of the hybrids appeared to tolerate alachlor more, while others tolerated metolachlor more indicating that even in a limited number of hybrids there was a spectrum of response. Six levels ranging from 8% to 22% soil moisture were evaluated for their effect on alachlor and metolachlor injury to corn seedlings. The herbicide injury ranged from no injury at the lowest soil moisture level to about 70% at the highest soil moisture level with 4.5 kg ha-1application rate of alachlor or metolachlor.

Analysis on Soil Moisture Content in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Run-chun LI ◽  
Xiu-zhi ZHANG ◽  
Li-hua WANG ◽  
Xin-yan LV ◽  
Yuan GAO
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River

Distribution of soil moisture content and its effect on the potential growth of the over-story species in North-East Chalkidiki

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aslanidou ◽  
P. Smiris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
North East ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

This  study deals with the soil moisture distribution and its effect on the  potential growth and    adaptation of the over-story species in north-east Chalkidiki. These  species are: Quercus    dalechampii Ten, Quercus  conferta Kit, Quercus  pubescens Willd, Castanea  sativa Mill, Fagus    moesiaca Maly-Domin and also Taxus baccata L. in mixed stands  with Fagus moesiaca.    Samples of soil, 1-2 kg per 20cm depth, were taken and the moisture content  of each sample    was measured in order to determine soil moisture distribution and its  contribution to the growth    of the forest species. The most important results are: i) available water  is influenced by the soil    depth. During the summer, at a soil depth of 10 cm a significant  restriction was observed. ii) the    large duration of the dry period in the deep soil layers has less adverse  effect on stands growth than in the case of the soil surface layers, due to the fact that the root system mainly spreads out    at a soil depth of 40 cm iii) in the beginning of the growing season, the  soil moisture content is    greater than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm, in beech and mixed beech-yew  stands, is 10-15 % in    the Q. pubescens  stands and it's more than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm in Q. dalechampii    stands.

Soil Moisture based Automatic Irrigation System to Improve Water Productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
PRADEEP H K ◽  
JASMA BALASANGAMESHWARA ◽  
K RAJAN ◽  
PRABHUDEV JAGADEESH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Agricultural Water Management ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Experimental Findings

Irrigation automation plays a vital role in agricultural water management system. An efficient automatic irrigation system is crucial to improve crop water productivity. Soil moisture based irrigation is an economical and efficient approach for automation of irrigation system. An experiment was conducted for irrigation automation based on the soil moisture content and crop growth stage. The experimental findings exhibited that, automatic irrigation system based on the proposed model triggers the water supply accurately based on the real-time soil moisture values.

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