Oxadiazon Treatments on Overseeded Putting-Green Turf

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 to 4.4 kg/ha controlled goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.] without injuring bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], but severely injured overseeded common ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. common) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist VI′) for a 5 – to 6-week period after treatment in the spring and thus reduced turf quality. The transition was poor because ryegrass was killed faster than bermudagrass could initiate new spring growth. The combination of bensulide [O, O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] and oxadiazon applied as a single treatment at 6.7 + 1.7 kg/ha controlled goosegrass as effectively as did oxadiazon applied alone at 2.2 kg/ha or higher rates and did not injure the turf, so the transition from cool-season grass to bermudagrass was uniform. Aeration of an overseeded bermudagrass turf after applications of oxadiazon did not significantly decrease goosegrass control.

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Transition From Overseeded Cool-Season Grass to Warm-Season Grass with Pronamide

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500066029 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 309-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

B. J. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Transition Period ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cool Season ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Warm Season Grass ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Cool Season Grass ◽

Piedmont Region

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr on pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] treatments in the Piedmont region of Georgia to aid the transition of overseeded cool-season turf to warm-season turf in early spring. Pronamide applied to overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Game’ and ‘Manhattan’) gradually reduced the growth of perennial ryegrass and permitted bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’] to initiate spring growth with little competition. Total turfgrass cover and turf quality ratings in pronamide treated plots were lower than ratings for untreated plots during the transition period. However, the reduction in turf quality and stand was minimal when pronamide was applied March 20 at 0.8 kg/ha. The turf quality and stand was 76 and 88% of the untreated check on April 23 and May 9, respectively, but the turf fully recovered within 2 weeks. The turf quality was higher in plots treated with pronamide on March 20 than in untreated check throughout June. The optimum date of promanide treatment in the Piedmont Region for transition of cool-season grass to warm-season grass was March 20, when compared to applications made on February 28, April 9, or April 29.

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Multiple Herbicide Treatments for Grassy Weed Control in Turf

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500064754 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 650-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. J. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Severely Injured ◽

Single Treatment ◽

Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Common Bermudagrass

Two applications of benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], prosulfalin N-[[4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl]sulfonyl]-S,S-dimethylsulfilimine, and napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] provided full-season large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control in turfgrass. Benefin was applied at 3.3 kg/ha in March and 2.2 kg/ha in May while other herbicides were applied at 2.2 kg/ha in March and May. Satisfactory goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] control was obtained with a single March treatment with prosulfalin, but two applications of napropamide in March and May were required for similar control. None of the herbicide treatments severely injured common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] or Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis (L.) ‘Common’] in these studies. Prosulfalin at 6.6 kg/ha applied as single treatment or 3.3 kg/ha in each of two applications resulted in moderate injury to Kentucky bluegrass in 1 of 2 yr.

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Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-29.2.75 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 75-80

Author(s):

Thomas Serensits ◽

Matthew Cutulle ◽

Jeffrey F. Derr

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Percent Cover ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Cool Season ◽

Seeding Time ◽

One Year ◽

Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

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Physiological Basis for Metamifop Selectivity on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Cool-Season Turfgrasses

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00107.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 12-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Jialin Yu ◽

Mark A. Czarnota ◽

Paul L. Raymer

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Retention Factor ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Cool Season ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Treated Leaf

Bermudagrass and goosegrass are problematic weeds with limited herbicides available for POST control in creeping bentgrass. Metamifop effectively controls these weeds with greater selectivity in cool-season grasses than other ACCase inhibitors. The objectives of this research were to determine the physiological basis for metamifop selectivity in turfgrasses. In greenhouse experiments, metamifop rate required to reduce shoot biomass 50% from the nontreated (GR50) at 4 wk after treatment was > 6,400, 2,166, and 53 g ai ha−1for creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and goosegrass, respectively. The GR50for bermudagrass treated with diclofop-methyl or metamifop was 2,850 and 60 g ha−1, respectively. In laboratory experiments, peak absorption of14C-metamifop was reached at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment (HAT) for goosegrass, creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass, respectively. Grasses translocated < 10% of the absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf at 96 HAT, but creeping bentgrass translocated three times more radioactivity than goosegrass and Kentucky bluegrass. Creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and goosegrass metabolized 16, 14, and 25% of14C-metamifop after 96 h, respectively. Goosegrass had around two times greater levels of a metabolite at retention factor 0.45 than creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass. The concentration of metamifop required to inhibit isolated ACCase enzymes 50% from the nontreated (I50) measured > 100, > 100, and 38 μM for creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and goosegrass, respectively. In other experiments, foliar absorption of14C-metamifop in bermudagrass was similar to14C-diclofop-methyl. Bermudagrass metabolized 23 and 60% of the absorbed14C-diclofop-methyl to diclofop acid and a polar conjugate after 96 h, respectively, but only 14% of14C-metamifop was metabolized. Isolated ACCase was equally susceptible to inhibition by diclofop acid and metamifop (I50= 0.7 μM), suggesting degradation rate is associated with bermudagrass tolerance levels to these herbicides. Overall, the physiological basis for metamifop selectivity in turfgrass is differential levels of target site inhibition.

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Development of a Strip Seeder for Converting Cool-season Turf to Seeded Bermudagrass

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.17.3.363 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 363-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jack Fry ◽

Randy Taylor ◽

Bob Wolf ◽

Dick Stuntz ◽

Alan Zuk

Keyword(s):

Transition Zone ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Cool Season ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Seeding Method ◽

Cold Hardy ◽

Establishment Process

Turfgrass managers in the transition zone are interested in converting swards of cool-season grasses to cold-hardy seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in an effort to reduce water and fungicide inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for establishing ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward by using a strip-seeding technique, and then to build a machine that would facilitate the process. Four, 2-inch-wide tilled rows, 1 inch deep and 15 inches apart, were created in 6 × 6-ft plots and seeded by hand with ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass at 104 lb/acre pure live seed in July 2002. In one set of strip-seeded plots, a 7-cm-wide overspray of glyphosate (≈0.5 inch on either side of the row) was applied over tilled rows after seeding to suppress perennial ryegrass further. Plots established by the strip-seeding technique exhibited 71% bermudagrass coverage after two growing seasons, and 87% coverage when rows received a glyphosate overspray. Broadcasting ‘Riviera’ seed into perennial ryegrass plots resulted in 60% bermudagrass coverage at the end of the second season of establishment. A strip seeder was constructed and used to seed ‘Riviera’ into existing perennial ryegrass turf in late July 2004 using the aforementioned row configurations and a glyphosate overspray. Coverage evaluated the following spring, before green-up, was 10.3% compared with 0% coverage where ‘Riviera’ was broadcast seeded. At the seeding rates evaluated, 79% less ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass seed was required when using the strip-seeding method, and golfers would consider the surface more amenable to play during the establishment period compared with broadcasting glyphosate and seed. A patent is pending on the strip-seeding equipment and establishment process.

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Reestablishment of Perennial Ryegrass in Lawns Damaged by Diesel and Hydraulic Fluid Spills

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.26.3.250 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 250-253

Author(s):

Longyi Yuan ◽

Yang Gao ◽

Deying Li

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Activated Charcoal ◽

Nitrate Nitrogen ◽

Tap Water ◽

Hydraulic Fluid ◽

Cool Season ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Lawn Care ◽

Dishwashing Detergent

Petroleum-based spills on turfgrass often occur during lawn care maintenance. Damage caused by diesel and hydraulic fluid is particularly difficult to correct. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combining mulching with remediation for reseeding spilled areas in lawns. Diesel and hydraulic fluid were applied to plots at a rate of 15 L·m−2. Immediately after the spill treatments, two liquid humic amendments and an activated flowable charcoal were applied at a volume rate of 8 L·m−2, respectively, with tap water/dishwashing detergent used as a control. Nitrate nitrogen was added to each remediation treatment to facilitate remediation. The spilled areas were reseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and then mulched with biochar, peat pellets, and paper pellets, respectively. At 6 weeks after seeding, humic amendment 1 and activated charcoal showed better turf quality than humic amendment 2. Peat pellet mulching presented better turf quality than other mulching methods. Reseeding perennial ryegrass and mulching with peat pellets after remediation with either humic amendment 1 or activated charcoal resulted in acceptable turf quality 6 weeks after diesel and hydraulic fluid spills. Therefore, this reestablishment method is recommended as a practical way to deal with diesel or hydraulic fluid spills in cool-season turfgrasses.

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Effects of Some Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Growth of Two Cool-season Turfgrasses

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.895e ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 895E-895 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fahed A. Al-Mana ◽

Hesham H. Abdel-Kader ◽

Ritchard J. Bisarove

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Major Effect ◽

Cool Season ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Shoot And Root Growth

Effects of mefluidide, paclobutrazol, and their mixture on shoot and root growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. `Wendy') and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. `Dawson') were studied under container culture. Mefluidide applied alone or in combination with paclobutrazol caused significant reduction in shoot and root growth of perennial ryegrass and red fescue. These treatments also enhanced turf green color of both species and increased their root–shoot percentage, with no major effect on turf quality. Paclobutrazol applied alone reduced shoot height of perennial ryegrass and red fescue by 10% and 32%, respectively, and caused little reduction in their shoot weights, with no effect on turf quality and color. Although paclobutrazol applied alone reduced the root length and percentage of root–shoot dry weight of perennial ryegrass, it did not affect red fescue.

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Natural variation of physiological traits, molecular markers, and chlorophyll catabolic genes associated with heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass accessions

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-020-02695-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Zhang ◽

Hui Li ◽

Yiwei Jiang ◽

Huibin Li ◽

Zhipeng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Heat Tolerance ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Physiological Traits ◽

Grass Species ◽

Cool Season ◽

Catabolic Genes ◽

Heat Tolerant ◽

Cool Season Grass

Abstract Background Identification of genetic diversity in heat tolerance and associated traits is of great importance for improving heat tolerance in cool-season grass species. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic variations in heat tolerance associated with phenotypic and physiological traits and to identify molecular markers associated with heat tolerance in a diverse collection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Results Plants of 98 accessions were subjected to heat stress (35/30 °C, day/night) or optimal growth temperature (25/20 °C) for 24 d in growth chambers. Overall heat tolerance of those accessions was ranked by principal component analysis (PCA) based on eight phenotypic and physiological traits. Among these traits, electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC) had high correlation coefficients (− 0.858, 0.769, and 0.764, respectively) with the PCA ranking of heat tolerance. We also found expression levels of four Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), including LpNYC1, LpNOL, LpSGR, and LpPPH, were significant higher in heat sensitive ryegrass accessions then heat tolerant ones under heat stress. Furthermore, 66 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to perform association analysis based on the PCA result. The population structure of ryegrass can be grouped into three clusters, and accessions in cluster C were relatively more heat tolerant than those in cluster A and B. SSR markers significantly associated with above-mentioned traits were identified (R2 > 0.05, p < 0.01)., including two pairs of markers located on chromosome 4 in association with Chl content and another four pairs of markers in association with EL. Conclusion The result not only identified useful physiological parameters, including EL, Chl content, and RWC, and their associated SSR markers for heat-tolerance breeding of perennial ryegrass, but also highlighted the involvement of Chl catabolism in ryegrass heat tolerance. Such knowledge is of significance for heat-tolerance breeding and heat tolerance mechanisms in perennial ryegrass as well as in other cool-season grass species.

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Effect of Benefin and DCPA on Overseeded Grasses Maintained as Putting Greens

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500032410 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 528-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. E. Coats ◽

C. Y. Ward ◽

E. L. McWhirter

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Agrostis Palustris ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Poa Trivialis ◽

Putting Green ◽

Green Conditions

Overseeded rough bluegrass (Poa trivialisL. ‘Danish common’) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. ‘Gulf’) maintained under putting green conditions were more susceptible to benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) than creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHud. ‘Penn-cross’), red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Dawson’), or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist II’). February applications of 1.68 or 3.36 kg/ha of benefin and 6.72 or 13.44 kg/ha of DCPA caused significantly more discoloration and reductions in density than equivalent rates applied in March or April. Benefin was more injurious than DCPA to all overseeded species as judged by quality or density. DCPA caused significant delays in the breaking of dormancy of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’].

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Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Management in Cool-Season Turfgrass

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00045280 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 478-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

David W. Cudney ◽

Clyde L. Elmore ◽

Victor A. Gibeault ◽

John S. Reints

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Seedling Establishment ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Practical Method ◽

Cool Season ◽

Perennial Weed ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Common Bermudagrass

Common bermudagrass is an invasive, perennial weed of cool-season turfgrass in California. Complete renovation of the infested area has been the only practical method of restoring desirable cool-season turfgrasses. In studies in southern and northern California, common bermudagrass was suppressed with sequential herbicide applications, allowing seedling establishment and regrowth of established cool-season turfgrass species. One application of fenoxaprop, triclopyr, or their combinations did not control common bermudagrass. Sequential applications of these herbicide treatments resulted in 99, 94, and 100% control of common bermudagrass, respectively, and resulted in establishment of seeded perennial ryegrass in Riverside, CA, over a 2-yr period. Similar results were obtained in the recovery of established tall fescue from a common bermudagrass/tall fescue turfgrass mixture in Willows, CA. Both fenoxaprop and triclopyr can reduce emergence and stunt seedling growth of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. Greenhouse studies showed that stunting and stand loss of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass seedlings could be reduced by delaying applications from PRE to the two-leaf stage.

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