The Logic of Illicit Flows in Armed Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Idler
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Illicit Flows

ABSTRACTWhy is there variation in how violent nonstate groups interact in armed conflict? Where armed conflict and organized crime converge in unstable regions worldwide, these groups sometimes enter cooperative arrangements with opposing groups. Within the same unstable setting, violent nonstate groups forge stable, long-term relations with each other in some regions, engage in unstable, short-term arrangements in others, and dispute each other elsewhere. Even though such paradoxical arrangements have intensified and perpetuated war, extant theories on group interactions that focus on territory and motivations overlook their concurrent character. Challenging the literature that focuses on conflict dynamics alone, the author argues that the spatial distribution of illicit flows influences how these interactions vary. By mapping cocaine supply chain networks, the author shows that long-term arrangements prevail at production sites, whereas short-term arrangements cluster at trafficking nodes. The article demonstrates through process tracing how the logic of illicit flows produces variation in the groups’ cooperative arrangements. This multiyear, multisited study includes over six hundred interviews in and about Colombia’s remote, war-torn borderlands.

The Borderland Lens

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-122
Author(s):  
Annette Idler
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
State Group

Chapter 3 explains how the gap between state-centric views on borderlines and transnational realities at the margins turn borderlands in vulnerable regions into extreme cases of complex security dynamics. First, it presents how state-centric views that stop at the borderline have historically shaped security policies toward the Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders. It then contrasts these with a transnational perspective that analyzes security dynamics from within the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. Adopting such a transnational borderland lens, the chapter maps violent non-state group interactions in recent history across these borderlands and contextualizes them with the spatial distribution of the various cocaine supply chain stages and interconnected forms of transnational organized crime. Together with socioeconomic and cultural conditions that vary along and across the borders, the logic of these illicit cross-border flows informs the groups’ motives for cooperation, which in turn shape their interactions.

Concepts for Sustainable End Consumer Movements in City Supply Chains

2016 ◽  
pp. 107-127
Author(s):  
Oana Stefana Mitrea ◽  
Kyandoghere Kyamakya
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
End Users ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Shopping Trips ◽  
Consumer Movements

Traffic chaos, stress, congestion, environmental pollution, as well as the social problems resulting from the uncoordinated shopping trips of private citizens and companies and online deliveries represent key problems of the modern cities. In our opinion, their solving requires an intelligent coordination of the end-consumer supply-chain-related actions and movements, which should be based on mutual visibility, self-organization, and cooperation of the involved actors. This chapter presents and comments from a sustainability perspective several IT concepts that can optimize the modern ECM (end-consumer movements) related logistics. They rely on the intelligent coordination of end-consumers demands (ranging from short-term to long-term), the resulting reduction of supply-chain-related traffic, and the networking of social resources involved in such city supply chains. The focus is placed on the creation of multidimensional synergies among the involved actors on all scales and the support of the participative supply-chain networks, which are driven by end-users.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 7118-7124
Author(s):  
Mrs. Aparna Lalitkumar Patil Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Production Logistics ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Supply Chain Risks ◽  
The City

In early January 2020, coronavirus outbreak started to build up as a pandemic in the city of Wuhan in China, leading to social, human as well as economic disturbance, leaving no life untouched. COVID-19, the coronavirus pandemic impacted the production, logistics as well as the supply chain system in the entire world.  As companies, around the globe are trying to repair their shattered value chains in the short-term and reduce their supply chain risks in the long-term, India also has an exclusive chance to emerge as a business terminus during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals How to Bail Out a Defense Contractor: Cases on Securing a Supply Chain in extremis

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (96) ◽  
pp. 166-189
Author(s):  
James Hasik
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supplier Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Defense Contractors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Defense Contractor ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Industry Structures ◽  
Bail Out

How can governments effectively bail out faltering defense contractors? While the idea may seem politically distasteful, any defense ministry with domestic suppliers may view the problem as supplier management in extremis. Reviewing nine prominent bailouts of defense contractors from the past 50 years, the author draws two conclusions. Providing long-term demand is very likely necessary and sufficient to maintain industry structures. Providing short-term infusions of cash may be necessary to maintain programs, but it is not always sufficient. If legislators and defense officials wish to consider either approach for short-term or long-term objectives, they should also consider the historical lessons of the financial and information asymmetries between government and industry, and the general uncertainty over how technologies will evolve.

Negotiation in Foreign Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Alternative Means

Foreign policy often involves two or more countries finding a path from contested interests to a peaceful agreement that incorporates the political and security desires of the relevant parties. In almost every case, the possibility of armed conflict as an alternative means of settling disagreements casts its shadow. Recent research on foreign policy can be well understood as following the view, first articulated by Thomas C. Schelling, that all international relations is really about negotiations and bargaining. This worldview brings a number of aspects of international politics into a natural and coherent framework. We can understand what leads countries to fail to reach peaceful solutions when disagreements arise, how the issues on the agenda influence the content and success of negotiations, and how domestic constituencies shape the ability of leaders to make agreements. Equally important, we can understand the trade-offs between short-term negotiating advantages and long-term issues of reputation.

scholarly journals Game—The Transportation Game

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foroogh Abasian ◽  
Mikael Rönnqvist ◽  
Philippe Marier ◽  
Dag Fjeld
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Purchasing Cost ◽  
Hierarchical Decision ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
Forest Supply Chain

This paper presents an online educational game focusing on hierarchical procurement planning in a simulated forest supply chain with multiple companies. The purpose is to provide an understanding of the importance of individual decisions and their medium- to long-term impacts on the entire supply chain. The transportation game comprises three phases, each simulating hierarchical decision making when three competing companies (i.e., the game players) are making simultaneous decisions on the available resources. Each game phase also requires concurrent collaboration and competition. The phases represent different planning levels from long-term to short-term planning, considering the collaboration concept within the supply chain. The simulated supply chain objective is to minimize resource purchasing and transportation costs. The purchasing cost will be fixed after the first phase. The chance of decreasing transportation costs, however, is available until the end of the game. We develop three optimization models for each game phase. Once the game is finished, it compares the players’ results with optimal solutions prepared upfront. Finally, we present some comments about the game experience in various classrooms.

Implications of climate change for Daphnia in alpine lakes: predictions from long-term dynamics, spatial distribution, and a short-term experiment

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 676 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Fischer ◽  
Mark H. Olson ◽  
Craig E. Williamson ◽  
Jennifer C. Everhart ◽  
Paula J. Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Alpine Lakes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Short Term Experiment

scholarly journals Function of Criminal Analysis in Modern Models of Police Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (68) ◽  
pp. 415-426
Author(s):  
Maksym V. Korniienko ◽  
Valentyna V. Horoshko ◽  
Igor M. Gorbanov ◽  
Karen Yu. Ismailov
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
In Series ◽  
Police Activity

The objective of the article is to conduct a study of the role of criminal analysis in modern models of police activity. To achieve this objective, several methods were used, namely: analysis of official documentation, scientific literature, logical analysis, concrete-historical, dialectic, or empirical methods. The article presents the most common classifications of police models today, as well as the interpretation of criminal analysis in them. It is concluded that a relatively new model of intelligence-led surveillance needs to be implemented in the police. Within the police model of social orientation, specific ways of solving various problems are carried out by carefully and detailed analysis of the causes of such problems, actors, and characteristics of the area, as well as the prevention of serious crimes through the approach of police work in places of concentration of minor infringements (model of "broken windows"). It was noted that Comp Stat focuses on street crime and in series with short-term responsibility for addressing new criminal challenges; for its part, the intelligence-led surveillance (ILP) model includes a long-term strategic component that can be applied to transnational organized crime operations.

Stretched: Protracted conflicts and the people living in the midst of it all

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (912) ◽  
pp. 987-991
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protracted Conflict ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Time Subject

Situations of protracted armed conflict, whether one armed conflict or a succession of several armed conflicts over a long period of time, subject the affected population to both short-term and long-term effects of warfare. Below are two timelines tracing the experiences of two women during situations of protracted conflict in two countries: Sheringul in Afghanistan, and Om Nawwar in Iraq. Their experiences show that life continues in such contexts, despite violence and instability.

scholarly journals Sticks and carrots for peace: The effect of manipulative mediation strategies on post-conflict stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316802110183
Author(s):  
Constantin Ruhe ◽  
Iris Volg
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Conflict

Mediation is widely used to settle armed conflict and interstate crises. However, the debate over the most appropriate and effective mediation strategy is still ongoing. In particular, manipulative mediation is controversial, with some research indicating that heavy-handed mediation may buy short-term peace at the expense of an instable long-term situation. This paper re-evaluates these claims. We discuss how existing theoretical arguments either do not imply long-term instability or implicitly make unrealistic assumptions to explain possible long-term problems of manipulative strategies. We re-examine published empirical evidence for problematic long-term effects of manipulative mediation in interstate crises. We demonstrate statistically that this evidence actually implies a different conclusion and instead supports our theoretical argument: manipulative mediation is associated with substantively greater stability compared to unmediated cases, although this effect weakens and becomes statistically insignificant after several years. Interestingly, non-manipulative mediation appears to be uncorrelated with post-crisis stability, based on our analysis.

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