The Partial Effectiveness of Indoctrination in Autocracies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander de Juan ◽  
Felix Haass ◽  
Jan Pierskalla
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Mandatory Service ◽  
Norm Internalization ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Rules Of The Game

Abstract Dictators depend on a committed bureaucracy to implement their policy preferences. But how do they induce loyalty and effort within their civil service? The authors study indoctrination through forced military service as a cost-effective strategy for achieving this goal. Conscription allows the regime to expose recruits, including future civil servants, to intense “political training” in a controlled environment, which should improve system engagement. To test this hypothesis, the authors analyze archival data on over 370,000 cadres from the former German Democratic Republic. Exploiting the introduction of mandatory service in the gdr in 1962 for causal identification, they find a positive effect of conscription on bureaucrats’ system engagement. Additional analyses indicate that this effect likely did not result from deep norm internalization. Findings are more compatible with the idea that political training familiarized recruits with elite preferences, allowing them to behave strategically in accordance with the rules of the game.

A cost effective strategy to fabricate STA@PF@Cu2O hierarchical structure on wood surface: aimed at superhydrophobic modification

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-583
Author(s):  
Ke Zhan ◽  
Quanxiong Lu ◽  
Sengwei Xia ◽  
Congnan Guo ◽  
Sisi Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Cost Effective Strategy

Evaluation of the effectiveness of skin preparation methods for the reduction of Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) in shoulder surgery: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 175857322110325
Author(s):  
Maria Sagkrioti ◽  
Stephen Glass ◽  
Georgios Arealis
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Shoulder Surgery ◽  
Skin Preparation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Surgery Outcomes ◽  
Positive Effect

Background Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes) is the most common pathogen responsible for post-operative shoulder infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of skin preparation methods against C. acnes in shoulder surgery. Methods A systematic review was conducted evaluating the effectiveness of skin preparation methods in the reduction of C. acnes in patients undergoing shoulder surgery. Outcomes were assessed based on the effectiveness of the method used; side effects and cost were also analysed. Results Of the 19 included studies, 9 evaluated pre-surgical home treatments: 8 assessed benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and 6 concluded it is effective in reducing C. acnes. Nine studies assessed surgical skin preparation and concluded that Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) was not effective; in contrast hydrogen peroxide reduced C. acnes. Finally, one study evaluated an aseptic protocol using CHG and concluded that it was not effective. Conclusions It was demonstrated that BPO as home treatment is effective in reducing C. acnes load on skin ; it rarely causes side effects and is also cost-effective. This study highlights non-effectiveness of CHG. There was some evidence that the addition of hydrogen peroxide could have a positive effect in the reduction of C. acnes skin load; however, more studies are required.

Iodine deficiency diseases in Switzerland one hundred years after Theodor Kocher's survey: A historical review with some new goitre prevalence data

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Bürgi ◽  
Zeno Supersaxo ◽  
Beat Selz
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Human Consumption

Abstract. In certain regions of Switzerland, before prophylaxis, 0.5% of the inhabitants were cretins, almost 100% of schoolchildren had large goitres and up to 30% of young men were unfit for military service owing to a large goitre. Iodization of salt was introduced in 1922 at 3.75 mg I per kg and the iodine content was doubled twice, in 1962 and 1980, to the present 15 mg I per kg. In 1988, 92% of retail salt and 76% of all salt for human consumption (including food industry) was iodized, even though its use is voluntary. Urinary iodine excretion, previously between 18 and 64 μg per per day, has now risen to 150 μg per day. No new endemic cretins born after 1930 have been identified. Goitre disappeared rapidly in newborns and schoolchildren, more slowly in army recruits, and incompletely in elderly adults. In some Cantons (by constitution in charge of health matters and the salt monopoly) which allowed iodized salt only in 1952, disappearance of goitre lagged behind accordingly, proof that iodized salt was the cause of regression. The Swiss data provide evidence that isolated deafness, mental deficiency, and short stature, each without the other attributes of cretinism have also decreased. Adverse effects of iodized salt were minimal, possibly because the initial iodine content of salt was chosen very low. Iodization of salt has proved a highly cost-effective preventive measure in Switzerland.

Highly efficient photo-degradation of cetirizine antihistamine with TiO2-SiO2 photocatalyst under ultraviolet irradiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Rani ◽  
Alok Garg ◽  
Neetu Singh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Terephthalic Acid ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Large Specific Surface Area ◽  
Photo Degradation ◽  
Macroscopic Structure ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Photocatalysis is an extraordinary and vastly researched topic; there is a need to find new ways to support producing composite materials that are cost-effective, efficient and have a low environmental impact. The investigation was undertaken on syn TiO2 by depositing it on silica. The results elucidate the positive effect on photocatalysis activity and the macroscopic structure on which the TiO2 is formed. For the analysis of photocatalyst, various characterisation measurements were undertaken, such as XRD, FTIR, DRS, FESEM, TEM, RS, and BET. The accumulated TiO2 onto the surface of SiO2 stabilised its transformation of the phase from anatase to rutile, resulting in decreased particle size and enhancing its photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. The concentration of OH• radicals was determined using terephthalic acid as a probe molecule to determine its role in the photocatalytic degradation of antihistamine. The results of BET analysis showed that the syn TiO2-SiO2 sample has a large specific surface area of 192.6 m2 g−1. Maximum degradation of cetirizine (about 97%) was achieved with 80% TiO2-20% SiO2 (TS-4). Recyclability test confirmed that 80% TiO2-20% SiO2 sample was stable up to six cycles.

A cost effective strategy for managing GI bleeding secondary to peptic ulcer disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. A18 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Hussain ◽  
WH Farrar ◽  
EJ Sofian ◽  
TF Bader ◽  
JD Strom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Gi Bleeding ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Cost Effective Strategy

scholarly journals Cost of a new method of active screening for human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rian Snijders ◽  
Alain Fukinsia ◽  
Yves Claeys ◽  
Alain Mpanya ◽  
Epco Hasker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Active Case Finding ◽  
Active Screening ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTBackgroundHuman African trypanosomiases caused by the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasite is a lethal disease that killed thousands of people at the start of the 20th century. Today, less than 1,000 cases are reported globally, and the disease is targeted for elimination and eradication. One of the main disease control strategies is active case-finding through outreach campaigns. In 2014, a new method for active screening was developed with mini, motorcycle-based, teams. This study aims to compare the cost of two approaches for active HAT screening, namely the traditional mobile teams and mini mobile teams.MethodsWe estimated annual economic costs for the two active HAT screening approaches from a health care provider perspective. Cost and operational data was collected for 12 months for 1 traditional team and 3 mini teams in the health districts of Yasa Bonga and Mosango in the Kwilu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The cost per person screened and per person diagnosed was calculated. Univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted on important cost drivers.ResultsThe study shows that the cost per person screened is lower for a mini team compared to a traditional team in the study setting (US$1.86 compared to US$2.08) as well as in a simulation analysis assuming both teams would operate in a setting with similar disease prevalence.DiscussionActive HAT screening with mini mobile teams has a lower cost and could be a cost-effective alternative for active screening campaigns. Further research is needed to determine if mini mobile teams have similar or better yields than traditional mobile teams in terms of detections and cases successfully treated.AUTHOR SUMMARYHuman African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) used to be a major public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, but the disease is becoming less frequent today as a result of sustained control efforts. Currently, the elimination of sleeping sickness is targeted as a public health problem by 2020 with interruption of transmission by 2030. To achieve these targets, a long-term commitment towards HAT control activities will be necessary with innovative disease control approaches accompanied by economic evaluations to assess their cost and cost-effectiveness in the changing context. Today, active case finding conducted through mass outreach campaigns accounts for approximately half of all identified cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, this strategy has become less efficient, with a dwindling “yield” in terms of the number of identified cases, translating to a higher cost per diagnosed HAT case. Therefore, different approaches to outreach campaigns need to be evaluated with a focus on reaching populations at risk for HAT.This article presents the costs and outcomes of two approaches to active screening: traditional mobile teams and mini mobile teams.This study shows that mini mobile teams could be a cost-effective alternative for active screening with a cost-per-person screened of US$1.86 compared to US$2.08. This approach could increase the screening coverage of populations at risk for HAT that are currently not being reached through the traditional approach. Future research is needed to evaluate the difference in HAT cases identified and treated by both approaches. This would allow a cost-effectiveness comparison of both strategies based on the cost-per-person diagnosed and treated.

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