Improving the Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Using 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide Tin Complex

The photostabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) film filled with an organotin complex in its structure was examined and compared with the blank PVC film. The organotin (IV) complex that contains 4-(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a ligand was synthesized and applied as a PVC photostabilizer. The impact of the complex on the polymer was assessed by comparing the properties of the films with and without the complex, before and after irradiation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity change, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the complex film had lower weight loss, gel content, and molecular weight deterioration than the plain PVC film. Also, surfaces of the complexes-filled films were smoother, less lumpy, and more homogeneous. These findings were obtained via the FE-SEM and light microscope images and confirmed by measuring the roughness factor. The organotin (IV) complex proved its activity in delaying the photo-degradation of PVC by several mechanisms. Ultimately, the Tin complex has effectively protected the PVC film against irradiation. The photostabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) film filled with an organotin complex in its structure was examined and compared with the blank PVC film. The organotin (IV) complex that contains 4-(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a ligand was synthesized and applied as a PVC photostabilizer. The impact of the complex on the polymer was assessed by comparing the properties of the films with and without the complex, before and after irradiation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity change, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the complex film had lower weight loss, gel content, and molecular weight deterioration than the plain PVC film. Also, surfaces of the complexes-filled films were smoother, less lumpy, and more homogeneous. These findings were obtained via the FE-SEM and light microscope images and confirmed by measuring the roughness factor. The organotin (IV) complex proved its activity in delaying the photo-degradation of PVC by several mechanisms. Ultimately, the Tin complex has effectively protected the PVC film against irradiation.

Nanoemulsions for the Delivery of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs

Hypertension refers to an increase in the arterial blood pressure. Most commonly used antihypertensive drugs are available in conventional dosage forms as it offers superior patient compliance. A majority of anti-hypertensive drugs pose bioavailability issues as they belong to BCS class II and BCS class IV categories with poor solubility profile and rate limiting dissolution. Emerging drug delivery technologies like nanoemulsion are found to be promising and safer alternatives for the delivery of anti-hypertensive drugs. Nanoemulsion gained more attention due to favourable properties such as small size, good physical stability, rapid action, drug targeting, prevents photo-degradation, and improved bioavailability. This chapter highlights various aspects of hypertension including its pathophysiology and potential approaches to combat high blood pressure. In addition, the authors thoroughly discussed nanoemulsions and their utility in the oral delivery of anti-hypertensive drugs.

Preparation of ZrO2/Graphene Oxide/TiO2 Composite Photocatalyst and Its Studies on Decomposition of Organic Matter

Water polluted by organic dyes is a serious environmental problem. In response to this, the aim of this research is to degrade dye wastewater using a modified photocatalyst. Since sunlight only has less than 5% UV energy, for a general photocatalyst, using sunlight for excitation to decompose organic pollutants is not an effective way. Therefore, we manufactured the modified photocatalyst by zirconium dioxide, graphene oxide, and titanium dioxide. This was to better improve the photo-degradation efficiency for the degradation of organic pollutants. The modified photocatalyst was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrated that the modified photocatalyst can be activated by the absorption of visible light. Additionally, the band gap of the modified photocatalyst would decrease. The photodegradation percentage of the modified photocatalyst under visible light (Philips TL-D 8W/865 fluorescent tube) for 4 h reached up to 49.92%. At the third test after ultrasonic washing for the cyclic test, the photodegradation percentage of the modified photocatalyst could still maintain at 47.71%. This indicates that the modified photocatalyst has good stability and reusability, and so this can be reused in this regard.

Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques

UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.

Photo-Degradation of Orange G as an Environmental Pollutant with TiO2-ZnO Composite Material

The increasing water pollution is a great concern as millions of people don't have access to pure water in Bangladesh. A considerable number of people are dying of contaminated water each year not only in Bangladesh but all over the world. Many industries, tanneries, companies, etc. are emitting lots of environmentally hazardous materials into the surrounding water. Many of these pollutants are industrial dyes. The dyes loss from the industrial water during dyeing operation damage the esthetic merit of surface water. They minimize light penetration, hamper aquatic lives and hinder photosynthesis. Some dyes may also have toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic characteristics. The purpose of this research is to get rid of the pollutant dye Orange G before the water is contaminated. A method named photo-degradation using different light sources is used to mineralize Orange G dye with composite materials including TiO2-ZnO. This composite was prepared by the hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic behavior of the prepared composite TiO2-ZnO helps in minimizing the effect of this dye to save the water from contamination. The composite compoundwas studied by experimenting on photo-degradation with Orange G under different light sources such as visible light, UV light, and sunlight. The photo-degradation percentage was found to maximum of 79.60 in the presence of sunlight. The percentages of photo-degradation under UV light and visible light were 48.0 and 18.40 respectively.