You Can't Go Home Again: War, Women and Domesticity in Aristophanes' Peace

Ramus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-63
Author(s):  
Chiara Sulprizio
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Home Front ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Battle Fatigue ◽  
The City ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Previous Summer

Peace was performed at the City Dionysia in 421 BCE, just days before the signing of the fifty-year treaty known as the Peace of Nikias, which brought an end to the first ten years of the Peloponnesian War. The negotiations that led up to this definitive moment for Athens and Sparta had been initiated the previous summer by the simultaneous deaths of Cleon and Brasidas at Amphipolis, who had been, according to Thucydides, ‘the two principal opponents of peace on either side’ (5.16.1). These unexpected deaths created a power vacuum which was filled by more moderate politicians on both sides of the conflict—Nikias and Pleistoanax, respectively—each of whom had his own personal reasons for desiring peace, apart from alleviating the battle fatigue felt keenly throughout the Greek world by this point. At Athens, the break in military action occasioned by this transference of power put the focus back on the political situation at home, and it was during this break that Aristophanes produced his cautiously optimistic play Peace, which, in its celebration of this fortuitous turn of events, also displayed a renewed interest in the well-being of the Athenian home front at this time.

scholarly journals Guilds, Social Mobility and Status in Sixteenth-Century Ghent

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Dambruyne
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Social Promotion ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Democratic Character ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This article investigates the relationship between social mobility and status in guilds and the political situation in sixteenth-century Ghent. First, it argues that Ghent guilds showed neither a static picture of upward mobility nor a rectilinear and one-way evolution. It demonstrates that the opportunities for social promotion within the guild system were, to a great extent, determined by the successive political regimes of the city. Second, the article proves that the guild boards in the sixteenth century had neither a typically oligarchic nor a typically democratic character. Third, the investigation of the houses in which master craftsmen lived shows that guild masters should not be depicted as a monolithic social bloc, but that significant differences in status and wealth existed. The article concludes that there was no linear positive connection between the duration of a master craftsman's career and his wealth and social position.

scholarly journals Situation of Official Schools in Erbil City 1980 – 1991

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-372
Author(s):  
Snur Sabah Sidiq
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

The subject of the official study conditions in the city of Erbil is of great historical and cultural importance, especially for the city that historians have confirmed in historical sources as one of the oldest cities in the world. The subject of the official study conditions in the city of Erbil for the period between 1980-1991 did not have the importance of being mentioned by researchers, and scientific research has not been conducted on it. Therefore, there is a scientific necessity to carry out such research. The reason for choosing the study period (1980 - 1991) is that because of the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, all aspects of life were affected by this war. Although this war ended in 1988, its effects and repercussions continued to affect the joints of Life in Iraq and the city of Erbil, in addition to the fact that political problems and convulsions grew and developed in that period until Iraq entered Kuwait in 1990, which resulted in wars and regional and internal problems in Iraq. Since that date, a new historical era has begun in the region. This study consists of an introduction to the topic in addition to two main axes and concluded with a list of sources and appendices, in the entry a summary of the official study in the city of Erbil for the period between 1970 - 1980 was presented, and the first axis was devoted to the political situation and the educational process for the period between 1980 - 1991, and in the second axis The laws, regulations, and educational curricula for the period between 1980 - 1991 are covered.

scholarly journals Mitford on the formation of control systems in Athens and Sparta before the Peloponnesian war

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16017
Author(s):  
Nikolay Yasnitsky ◽  
Nikolay Smolensky ◽  
Ivan Zhiryakov
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Material Interests ◽  
Democratic System

The paper, historiographical by its nature, aims at examining the existing assessments of William Mitford's work and clarifying his interpretations of the particularities of the formation of political systems in Athens and Sparta before the start of the Peloponnesian War. The paper concludes that W. Mitford’s interpretations of the causes and characteristics of the formation of political systems and his description of the domestic political situation in Athens and Sparta are based on taking into account the objective, and above all, the material interests of various social strata of the population. An analysis of the work of W. Mitford revealed no distortions, arbitrary interpretation or preferences when choosing the text of ancient authors used by W. Mitford as sources. The main conclusion is that it was the democratic system of government founded by Solon, being itself a consequence of inequality of ownership that predetermined further upheavals and the expansion of the political struggle, while in Sparta the involvement in the political struggle decreased during the wars. Revision of assessments of interpretations and ideas of W. Mitford suggests the need to clarify the features of English historiography of the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals Study on Urban Sustainable Restructuring of Leinefelde, Germany and Revealing the Important Strategies for Environmental Well-Being for Shrinking Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Sri P. Charan
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
The Political ◽  
Shrinking Cities ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
The City

Why habitat Mars when you can make earth livable. Demographic change led to the shrinking of the city and also aging native population were big problems in leinefelde. Sustainable urban structures, housing affordability and availability was a big criteria. The political and economic change in the eastern Germany after reunification in 1989, anticipated and intensified the problems. By 1993 municipality realized that it should develop strategies and policies to stop the breakdown of economic and political breakdown of the city. As a result of the actions taken, leinefelde has become successful transformation of shrinking cities in the world. This research paper finds the problems led to shrinking of the city and then focuses on the different parameters and strategies like project context, social aspects, environmental aspects, economic aspects, organizational aspects, sustainable aspects that were carried out in order to have a successful transformation of leinefelde. And finally list down the key indicator for project being successful as a conclusion.

The Cult of Chersonasos in Tauric Chersonesos

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-89
Author(s):  
Joanna Porucznik
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The City

This paper discusses the nature of the cult of a certain Chersonasos who appears in the so-called Diophantos decree from Tauric Chersonesos (iospei2352, 52). The interpretation of Chersonasos, especially in connection with the local coinage, has long been a matter of debate and still remains an open question. The coins that are traditionally interpreted as bearing the image of Chersonasos date from the 1st cent.bcto the 2nd cent.ad. It is demonstrated that in fact they represent more than one type of a head image, which may lead to interpretations divergent from the traditional point of view. It is argued that Chersonasos represented on local coinage was a personification of the city; previous interpretations are reassessed and a plausible explanation of the occurrence of this cult is offered in connection with the political situation of the city during the Roman period.

FEEDING THE CITY: THE BEIRUT MUNICIPALITY AND THE POLITICS OF FOOD DURING WORLD WAR I

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Schulze Tanielian
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Home Front ◽  
World War ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Provincial Capital ◽  
The City

AbstractWorld War I in the Ottoman Empire was a humanitarian disaster of unprecedented scale. By 1916 in the Greater Syrian provinces, men, women, and children were dyingen masseof a war-induced famine so devastating that popular memory still names this warḥarb al-majāʿa(the war of famine). Despite the civilian catastrophe, people's experiences on the Ottoman home front have been only marginally explored in the scholarship. Focusing on the city of Beirut, this article highlights the centrality of food provisioning in the competition for political legitimacy in the provincial capital. Through a detailed analysis of how the Beirut municipality was represented in the city's daily newspaperal-Ittihad al-ʿUthmani, I argue that for local reform-minded notables and intellectuals the war presented an opportunity to prove, both to the local population and to the Ottoman state, that issues related to the internal security and well-being of the Beirut province generally and the city specifically could be dealt with locally through existing governing bodies. The article thus traces the fierce political games played around the issue of food by various actors seeking to win the hearts of Beirutis through their stomachs.

scholarly journals The City and The River: An Anecdote of the Crisis Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3633-3638
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Satire ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Times ◽  
The City ◽  
Existential Issues

The aim of this paper is to highlight the issues of discrimination, corruption, exploitation, victimization as depicted by Arun Joshi in the novel, Joshi. It is a political satire where he used parable as a fictional mode. It is an assessment of the political situation of the times. The occasions and events depicted in the novel are evocative of the days of the Emergency of 1974-75 in India. Joshi is a story of time, set in a more extensive background, utilizing an aesthetically fulfilling blend of prediction and fantasy. Though Arun Joshi takes up his favorite existential issues in the novel, he also sees them through the spectacles of politics and thereby elevates the novel, Joshi to the level of political – allegorical satire. The events that took part within the city at a specific point in history.

scholarly journals Signature Sheet as a Means of Reflection of the Voters’ Will (the 2020 Model, Novosibirsk)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Makartsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Separate Region ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the analysis of the decisions of the courts of the city of Novosibirsk in cases related to the verification of signatures collected in support of the nomination of candidates. The author notes that due to the political nature of electoral law, the socio-political situation in the country as a whole, in a separate region and in the municipality in particular, has a huge impact on the practice of checking subscription lists. It is necessary to ensure the stability of the practice of evaluating the content and form of subscription lists both in space and in time. Taking into account the complex nature of electoral law, I would like to note the positive significance of using criminal sanctions for forging signatures in subscription lists. In the author’s opinion, in order to simplify the registration procedure on the basis of the collected signatures, it is necessary to abandon duplicating documents or to consider them in aggregate, using the information contained in various documents. The article makes suggestions for improving Russian legislation. In fact, this approach demonstrates a change in the approach of the law enforcement officer to the problems under consideration. In the future, this can lead to a decrease in offenses in the field of filling out information about the participants in the election campaign in subscription lists.

scholarly journals Vukovar as example of multiethnic and divided city

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Josip Jagodar
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Interethnic Differences ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

Vukovar is the city in the East Croatia on the border with the Republic of Serbia. In the paper I attempt to show the development of the city, the composition of its population and the relationships between ethnic groups from establishing of Vukovar until the beginning of the Homeland war in 1991. The paper presents the history of the Croat majority and the minorities which were, and which are, present in the city: the Germans, Hungarians, Serbs, Rusyns, Ukrainians, Yews and the Slovaks. From the beginning Vukovar was a multicultural, multiethnic and multiconfessional city thanks to migrations which were present since its establishing, in which the Croats were the majority. After the WWI a large number of Serbs immigrated into this area. The political situation gave them benefits which earlier belonged to Germans and Hungarians. They gained power to rule the city. It became the source of constant tensions between the Serbian and Croatian population in the period of Yugoslavia (1918-1941) and during the WWII (1941-1944). Although the communist Yugoslav authorities were trying to pacify interethnic differences, the escalation of nationalisms brought about the siege and the capture of Vukovar in 1991 by the Serbian troops.

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