scholarly journals Techniques for improving the sensitivity of proportional counters used in X-ray astronomy

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Sanford ◽  
A. M. Cruise ◽  
J. L. Culhane
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Window ◽  
Proportional Counters

The discovery and measurement of cosmic X-ray sources has almost invariably been performed with proportional counters which have large window areas. In the energy range from 1 to 50 keV, proportional counters have advantages over other types of detectors; they provide energy resolution and they can be made relatively easily with very large window areas.

Design of an ultrahigh-energy-resolution and wide-energy-range soft X-ray beamline

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Xue ◽  
R. Reininger ◽  
Y.-Q. Wu ◽  
Y. Zou ◽  
Z.-M. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Wide Energy Range ◽  
Ultrahigh Energy ◽  
Exit Slit ◽  
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Variable Line ◽  
Line Spacing ◽  
Wide Energy

A new ultrahigh-energy-resolution and wide-energy-range soft X-ray beamline has been designed and is under construction at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The beamline has two branches: one dedicated to angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and the other to photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). The two branches share the same plane-grating monochromator, which is equipped with four variable-line-spacing gratings and covers the 20–2000 eV energy range. Two elliptically polarized undulators are employed to provide photons with variable polarization, linear in every inclination and circular. The expected energy resolution is approximately 10 meV at 1000 eV with a flux of more than 3 × 1010 photons s−1at the ARPES sample positions. The refocusing of both branches is based on Kirkpatrick–Baez pairs. The expected spot sizes when using a 10 µm exit slit are 15 µm × 5 µm (horizontal × vertical FWHM) at the ARPES station and 10 µm × 5 µm (horizontal × vertical FWHM) at the PEEM station. The use of plane optical elements upstream of the exit slit, a variable-line-spacing grating and a pre-mirror in the monochromator that allows the influence of the thermal deformation to be eliminated are essential for achieving the ultrahigh-energy resolution.

X-Ray Spectrometric Properties of Potassium Acid Phthalate Crystals

1969 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Liefeld ◽  
S. Hanzgly ◽  
T. B. Kirby ◽  
D. Mott
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
Coefficient Of Reflection ◽  
Potassium Acid Phthalate ◽  
Order Parallel ◽  
Acid Phthalate

The results of two crystal measurements of potassium acid phthalate crystal first order parallel position rocking curves, percent reflections, and reflection coefficients are presented. They cover the 4-24 Ǻ wavelength range and are typical of results with cleaved crystals illuminated over areas of one-half to two square inches. The energy resolution available with these crystals is shown to be nearly constant at about two-thirds of an electron volt over most of the energy range studied and the coefficient of reflection is also nearly constant at about 1 x 10-4 radians. A pronounced line-like reflectivity structure at 23.3 Ǻ is exhibited which is probably associated with oxygen atom K-shell absorption.

Eight-channel x-ray spectrometer for 0.2–1.5 keV energy range with high time and energy resolution

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Bessarab ◽  
S. V. Grigorovitch ◽  
V. V. Intyapin ◽  
V. I. Kundicov ◽  
A. V. Kunin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
High Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time And Energy

scholarly journals A von Hamos-type hard X-ray spectrometer at the PETRA III beamline P64

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Kalinko ◽  
Wolfgang A. Caliebe ◽  
Roland Schoch ◽  
Matthias Bauer
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Elastic Line ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analyzer Crystal ◽  
Broad Energy Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Broad Energy

The design and performance of the high-resolution wavelength-dispersive multi-crystal von Hamos-type spectrometer at PETRA III beamline P64 are described. Extended analyzer crystal collection available at the beamline allows coverage of a broad energy range from 5 keV to 20 keV with an energy resolution of 0.35–1 eV. Particular attention was paid to enabling two-color measurements by a combination of two types of analyzer crystals and two two-dimensional detectors. The performance of the spectrometer is demonstrated by elastic-line and emission-line measurements on various compounds.

scholarly journals X-Ray Spectra of Clusters of Galaxies

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Mushotzky ◽  
Barham W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectroscopic Observations ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Proportional Counters

Now that the predominantly thermal nature of the X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies is well established (see e.g. Mushotzky et al. 1978, Smith et al. 1979), it is appropriate to ask what further information can be gleaned from X-ray spectroscopic observations. While the above publications made use of data from the OSO-8 satellite, two newer experiments have been flown by our group on the HEAO-1 and HEAO-2 (Einstein) satellites. The first of these, the A-2 experiment, was comprised of gas proportional counters like our OSO-8 detectors, while the second, the Solid State Spectrometer (SSS), is a cooled Si detector with narrow field of view and heightened energy resolution.

scholarly journals Observations of Compact X-Ray Sources

1986 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 198-221
Author(s):  
Y. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Neutron Star ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Compact Object ◽  
Radiation Hydrodynamics ◽  
Large Area ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Proportional Counters

This paper reviews the present status of observations of compact X-ray sources with emphasis on the aspects related to radiation hydrodynamics, based on the recent observational results, in particular those from the Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite Tenma. The main feature of Tenma is a large-area gas scintillation proportional counters (GSPC) with energy resolution twice that of ordinary proportional counters, which can yield information on energy spectrum superior in quality to previous results. We shall deal here only with those galactic X-ray sources in which the compact object is a neutron star or possibly a black hole, and exclude white dwarf sources.There exist more than one hundred bright X-ray sources in our galaxy in the luminosity range 1036−1038 ergs/sec. They are most probably binaries involving a neutron star or, in some cases, possibly a black hole. The high luminosities of these sources are explained in terms of the large gravitaional energy release by matter accreting from the companion star to the compact object.

scholarly journals ASCA Observations of Supernova Remnants

1996 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 369-379
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Tsunemi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Hot Plasma

We present here preliminary results of the ASCA satellite. ASCA is equipped with X-ray telescopes that can observe the energy range up to 12 keV. There are two types of detector systems: GIS and SIS. The energy resolution of the SIS is 130 eV (FWHM at 6 keV) and can resolve emission lines clearly. For the PV phase, we planned to observe about 150 sources. Among them, there are 23 SNR's, some of which are presented here. We will be able to study the evolution of thin hot plasma in the SNRs.

Going Nondispersive

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 552-558
Author(s):  
Kurt F.J. Heinrich ◽  
Ray Fitzgerald ◽  
Klaus Keil
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Crystal Spectrometer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
State Detection ◽  
The One

The energy-dispersive Si(Li) X-ray spectrometer, introduced 30 years ago into electron probe mi-croanalysis (EPMA) by R. Fitzgerald et al., has profoundly affected the development of microanalysis. It offers many advantages over the wavelength-dispersive crystal spectrometer. It has no moving parts and covers the full energy range of interest in EPMA. There is no defocusing over large distances on the specimen, the efficiency of the device is high, varies slowly and continuously with atomic number, and can be predicted fairly accurately, and, most importantly, all emission lines are detected and can be observed simultaneously. The one remaining disadvantage of the Si(Li) spectrometer is its poorer energy resolution. Solid-state detection devices now under development promise to achieve resolution comparable to that of the crystal spectrometer.

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