scholarly journals Cygnus OB2 at all wavelengths

2003 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Knödlseder
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Nearby Star ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stellar Cluster ◽  
Star Formation Regions

The Cygnus X region is one of the most nearby star formation regions within our Galaxy, that is recognised by prominent emission throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to gamma-ray waves. The centre is populated by the peculiar stellar cluster Cyg OB2, traditionally classified as OB association, but in the light of modern data more likely the prototype of a young globular cluster within our own Galaxy. Heavily shredded by dense molecular clouds this object has been less thoroughly studied than other, more distant star formation complexes in the Milky Way. I will review our current knowledge about this object, by exposing its properties and that of its environment throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Particular emphasis will be given to infrared, radio-continuum, X-ray, and gamma-ray line observations that find in Cyg OB2 a text-book case for multiwavelength studies.

scholarly journals GALACTIC Al 1.8 MeV GAMMA-RAY SURVEYS WITH INTEGRAL

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
WEI WANG
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
High Spectral Resolution ◽  
Galactic Rotation ◽  
Nearby Star ◽  
Line Energy ◽  
Line Shapes ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Star Formation Regions

26 Al is a long-life radioactive isotope with a half lifetime of near 1 Myr. The origin of Galactic 26 Al is dominated by massive stars and their core-collapse supernovae. Detections of 1809 keV emission from 26 Al provide direct evidence that nucleosynthesis is ongoing in the Galaxy. The gamma-ray line shapes reflect the dynamics of the ejected isotopes in the interstellar medium and then probe properties of ISM and Galactic rotation effect. Gamma-ray emissions of 26 Al in the Galaxy are studied with the high spectral resolution INTEGRAL spectrometer (SPI). We carry out the first spectral survey of 26 Al gamma-ray line emission along the Galactic plane. The 26 Al line energy shifts reflect the large-scale Galactic rotation. The 26 Al intensity is brighter in the 4th than in the 1st quadrant (ratio ~ 1.3); the 26 Al line toward the direction of the Aquila region appears somewhat broadened; a latitudinal scale height of [Formula: see text] pc for 26 Al in the inner Galaxy is determined. Strong 26 Al emission signal is detected in the nearby star-formation regions Sco-Cen and Cygnus. The 26 Al line shapes in star-formation regions provide a clue to constrain the kinematic properties of ISM. In addition, we derive the flux ratio of 60 Fe /26 Al ~ 15% which can be directly compared with theoretical predictions. More theoretical work on nuclear reactions, massive star evolution models deserves improvements.

scholarly journals Discovery of recombining plasma inside the extended gamma-ray supernova remnant HB9

2019 ◽  
Vol 489 (3) ◽  
pp. 4300-4310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Sezer ◽  
T Ergin ◽  
R Yamazaki ◽  
H Sano ◽  
Y Fukui
Keyword(s):  
Supernova Remnant ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Imaging Spectrometer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
East Region ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Collisional Ionization

ABSTRACT We present the results from the Suzaku X-ray Imaging Spectrometer observation of the mixed-morphology supernova remnant (SNR) HB9 (G160.9+2.6). We discovered recombining plasma (RP) in the western Suzaku observation region and the spectra here are well described by a model having collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) and RP components. On the other hand, the X-ray spectra from the eastern Suzaku observation region are best reproduced by the CIE and non-equilibrium ionization model. We discuss possible scenarios to explain the origin of the RP emission based on the observational properties and concluded that the rarefaction scenario is a possible explanation for the existence of RP. In addition, the gamma-ray emission morphology and spectrum within the energy range of 0.2–300 GeV are investigated using 10 yr of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). The gamma-ray morphology of HB9 is best described by the spatial template of radio continuum emission. The spectrum is well fit to a log-parabola function and its detection significance was found to be 25σ. Moreover, a new gamma-ray point source located just outside the south-east region of the SNR’s shell was detected with a significance of 6σ. We also investigated the archival H i and CO data and detected an expanding shell structure in the velocity range of $-10.5$ and $+1.8$ km s−1 that is coinciding with a region of gamma-ray enhancement at the southern rim of the HB9 shell.

scholarly journals Multiwavelength Milky Way: An Educational Poster

1998 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 237-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Leisawitz ◽  
S.W. Digel ◽  
S. Geitz
Keyword(s):  
Milky Way ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nasa Goddard Space ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Effective Use

The Astrophysics Data Facility at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center supports the processing, management, and dissemination of data obtained by past, current, and future NASA and international astrophysics missions, and promotes the effective use of those data by the astrophysics community, educators, and the public. Our Multiwavelength Milky Way poster was printed for broad distribution. It depicts the Galaxy at radio, infrared, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths. In particular, the poster contains images of the Galactic 21-cm and CO (J = 1 → 0) line emission, and IRAS 12, 60, and 100 μm, COBE/DIRBE 1.25, 2.2, and 3.5 μm, Digitized Sky Survey optical wavelength, ROSAT/PSPC 0.25, 0.75, and 1.5 keV X-ray, and CGRO/EGRET E > 100 MeV gamma ray broadband emission. All of the data sets are publicly available. Captions describe the Milky Way and what can be learned about the Galaxy from measurements made in each segment of the electromagnetic spectrum. The poster is intended to be an educational tool, one that will stimulate heightened awareness by laypersons of NASA's contribution to modern astronomy.Through an interface available on the World Wide Web at http://adf.gsfc.nasa.gov/adf/adf.html one may view the images that appear on the poster, read the poster captions, and locate the archived data and references.

scholarly journals High Resolution Radio Continuum Observations of High Mass Star Formation Regions

2001 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
S. Kurtz ◽  
P. Hofner ◽  
C. Vargas ◽  
W. Díaz-Merced
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
High Mass ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Very Large Array ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Star Formation Regions ◽  
Calibration Techniques

We present high angular resolution centimeter and millimeter continuum observations of several galactic massive star formation regions. Using calibration techniques pioneered at the Very Large Array, we are able to obtain high quality images even under adverse conditions of phase stability. Techniques such as these will be essential if future millimeter arrays are to obtain high quality and high precision images. We provide a current summary of our on-going survey, and present images and a brief discussion of several of the more intriguing sources.

Large Astronomical Surveys, Catalogs and Databases

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Mickaelian
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Astronomical Surveys ◽  
Radio Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cross Correlations ◽  
Stored Information

AbstractWe review the status of all-sky and large astronomical surveys and their catalogued data over the whole range of electromagnetic spectrum, from gamma-ray to radio, such as ROSAT in X-ray, GALEX in UV, SDSS and several POSS1/2 based catalogs (APM, MAPS, USNO, GSC) in optical, 2MASS and WISE in NIR, IRAS and AKARI in MIR/FIR, NVSS and FIRST in radio range and others. Present astronomical archives contain billions of objects, Galactic as well as extragalactic, and the vast amount of data in them permit new studies and discoveries. Cross-correlations result in revealing new objects and new samples. Very often, dozens of thousands of sources hide a few very interesting ones that are needed to be discovered by comparison of various physical characteristics. Most of the modern databases currently provide VO access to the stored information. This permits not only open access but also fast analysis and managing of these data.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF DENSE GAS TOWARDS RELATIVISTIC OUTFLOW SOURCES

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 1460198
Author(s):  
J. HAWKES ◽  
G. ROWELL ◽  
B. DAWSON ◽  
F. AHARONIAN ◽  
M. BURTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dense Gas ◽  
Relativistic Jets ◽  
Hii Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stellar Cluster ◽  
Radio Recombination Line ◽  
Low Mass

We probe the interstellar medium towards the objects Circinus X-1, a low-mass X-ray binary with relativistic jets; and the highly energetic Westerlund 2 stellar cluster, which is located towards TeV gamma-ray emission and interesting arc- and jet-like features seen in Nanten 12CO data. We have mapped both regions with the Mopra radio telescope, in 7 mm and 12 mm wavebands, looking for evidence of disrupted/dense gas caused by the interaction between high energy outflows and the ISM. Towards Westerlund 2, peaks in CS(J=1-0) emission indicate high density gas towards the middle of the arc and the endpoint of the jet; and radio recombination line emission is seen overlapping the coincident HII region RCW49. Towards Circinus X-1, 12CO(J = 1-0) Nanten data reveals three molecular clouds that lie in the region of Cir X-1. Gas parameters for each cloud are presented here.

scholarly journals TeV J2032+4130 - very high energy gamma-ray source of unresolved nature

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 14009
Author(s):  
V.G. Sinitsyna ◽  
V.Y. Sinitsyna ◽  
K.A. Balygin ◽  
S.S. Borisov ◽  
A.M. Kirichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Object Type ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
Star Formation Regions ◽  
High Energy Emission ◽  
Very High

The Cygnus Region is one of the brightest regions in all ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum and contains a number of potential GeV and TeV emission sources. It includes active star formation regions, pulsars and supernova remnants. Some of the sources have been detected at high and very high energies. One of them discovered due to its proximity to the well-known microquasar Cyg X-3 is the object TeV J2032+4130. This object is still of unresolved nature and is being intensively studied in different energy ranges. The results of twenty-year observations of TeV J2032+4130 by the SHALON experiment are presented in this paper. The collected experimental data on fluxes, spectrum shape and morphology of TeV J2032+413 can help in the future to determine an object type and reveal mechanisms of generation of very high energy emission.

scholarly journals LOFAR MSSS: Flattening low-frequency radio continuum spectra of nearby galaxies

2018 ◽  
Vol 619 ◽  
pp. A36 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Chyży ◽  
W. Jurusik ◽  
J. Piotrowska ◽  
B. Nikiel-Wroczyński ◽  
V. Heesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Nearby Star ◽  
Nearby Galaxies ◽  
5 Ghz ◽  
Thermal Absorption

Aims. The shape of low-frequency radio continuum spectra of normal galaxies is not well understood, the key question being the role of physical processes such as thermal absorption in shaping them. In this work we take advantage of the LOFAR Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS) to investigate such spectra for a large sample of nearby star-forming galaxies. Methods. Using the measured 150 MHz flux densities from the LOFAR MSSS survey and literature flux densities at various frequencies we have obtained integrated radio spectra for 106 galaxies characterised by different morphology and star formation rate. The spectra are explained through the use of a three-dimensional model of galaxy radio emission, and radiation transfer dependent on the galaxy viewing angle and absorption processes. Results. Our galaxies’ spectra are generally flatter at lower compared to higher frequencies: the median spectral index αlow measured between ≈50 MHz and 1.5 GHz is −0.57 ± 0.01 while the high-frequency one αhigh, calculated between 1.3 GHz and 5 GHz, is −0.77 ± 0.03. As there is no tendency for the highly inclined galaxies to have more flattened low-frequency spectra, we argue that the observed flattening is not due to thermal absorption, contradicting the suggestion of Israel & Mahoney (1990, ApJ, 352, 30). According to our modelled radio maps for M 51-like galaxies, the free-free absorption effects can be seen only below 30 MHz and in the global spectra just below 20 MHz, while in the spectra of starburst galaxies, like M 82, the flattening due to absorption is instead visible up to higher frequencies of about 150 MHz. Starbursts are however scarce in the local Universe, in accordance with the weak spectral curvature seen in the galaxies of our sample. Locally, within galactic disks, the absorption effects are distinctly visible in M 51-like galaxies as spectral flattening around 100–200 MHz in the face-on objects, and as turnovers in the edge-on ones, while in M 82-like galaxies there are strong turnovers at frequencies above 700 MHz, regardless of viewing angle. Conclusions. Our modelling of galaxy spectra suggests that the weak spectral flattening observed in the nearby galaxies studied here results principally from synchrotron spectral curvature due to cosmic ray energy losses and propagation effects. We predict much stronger effects of thermal absorption in more distant galaxies with high star formation rates. Some influence exerted by the Milky Way’s foreground on the spectra of all external galaxies is also expected at very low frequencies.

scholarly journals Masers as evolutionary tracers of high-mass star formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S287) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari L. Breen ◽  
Simon P. Ellingsen
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Evolutionary Scheme ◽  
Evolutionary Clock ◽  
The Common ◽  
Star Formation Regions ◽  
Made In

AbstractDetermining an evolutionary clock for high-mass star formation is an important step towards realising a unified theory of star formation, as it will enable qualitative studies of the associated high-mass stars to be executed. We have carried out detailed studies of a large number of sources suspected of undergoing high-mass star formation and have found that common maser transitions offer the best opportunity to determine an evolutionary scheme for these objects. We have investigated the relative evolutionary phases of massive star formation associated with the presence or absence of combinations of water, methanol and main-line hydroxyl masers. The locations of the different maser species have been compared with the positions of 1.2 mm dust clumps, radio continuum, GLIMPSE point sources and Extended Green Objects. Comparison between the characteristics of coincident sources has revealed strong evidence for an evolutionary sequence for the different maser species in high-mass star formation regions. We present our proposed sequence for the presence of the common maser species associated with young high-mass stars and highlight recent advances. We discuss future investigations that will be made in this area by comparing data from the Methanol Multibeam (MMB) Survey with chemical clocks from the Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) Survey.

scholarly journals Diffuse Ionised Gas in Edge-on Galaxies

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Hii Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Disk Star ◽  
Deep Imaging ◽  
Star Formation Activity ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

AbstractWe review observations of diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in edge-on spiral galaxies. Deep imaging has revealed a variety of morphologies for ‘extraplanar’ (above the HII region layer) or ‘halo’ DIG: some show widespread prominent layers of truly diffuse gas and filamentary structures, others show just one patch or a few patches of extraplanar emission, while still others show no detectable extraplanar DIG at all. The key galactic property which appears to govern the prominence of the DIG layer is the star-formation activity. Smaller-scale connections between DIG and local star formation activity can be seen in some of the galaxies.DIG halos are also related to radio continuum, X-ray and HI halos. Those galaxies with the most prominent DIG layers also have the most prominent radio halos. In NGC 891, there are spatial correlations between extraplanar DIG, radio emission, X-ray emission and HI, and these in turn are related to the underlying disk star-formation activity.Progress on identifying the sources of ionisation and heating of the gas has come from spectroscopy, imaging in different emission lines, and Fabry–Perot observations. By comparing with theoretical predictions, much evidence is found for photoionisation by disk stars as the primary ionisation and heating mechanism, but recent observations are beginning to point towards the need for additional sources of ionisation and/or heating.

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