scholarly journals IX.—Researches on Heat. Third Series. § 1. On the unequally Polarizable Nature of different kinds of Heat. § 2. On the Depolarization of Heat. §; 3. On the Refrangibility of Heat

1839 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-207
Author(s):  
James D. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Indices ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In ◽  
Past Winter

1. The following paper is divided into three sections, containing three distinct yet intimately connected investigations. The two first on the Polarizability and Depolarization of Heat have arisen immediately out of the train of investigation contained in my two former papers, and the researches of others to which they gave rise. The third is on the Refrangibility of Heat, a point of the highest importance for theory.2. The experiments on which these investigations are based have been performed almost exclusively during the past winter. Part of the experiments on Depolarization were, however, made in the winter 1836-7. The mode adopted for trying Refractive Indices I had long ago contemplated. It was not, however, put in practice until January last.

scholarly journals An Analysis on Pronunciation Errors Made By First Semester Students of English Department STKIP CBN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Agnes Maria Diana Rafael
Keyword(s):  
English Education ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
English Department ◽  
Education Department ◽  
First Semester ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Made In

This study is conducted to find out the pronunciation errors made by the first semester students of English Education Department in STKIP CBN. In conducting the data, the researcher gave the pre-test to the informants, then; the researcher recorded the performances and transcribed the data. The secondary data was gathered from the interview. Based on the data analysis The researcher counted that there are nine types of errors pronunciation made by the subjects. The first error is the subjects substituted a vowel /æ/ and six consonants /kj/,/tʃ/,/ʃ/,/dʒ/ and /ʒ/ with Indonesian sounds. The second error is the subjects substituted some English vowels into Indonesian vowel. The third error is word cognates cases. The fourth is language interference. The fifth is pronouncing the silent consonant /h/. The sixth error is Deleting or omitting some consonants that appeared at the end of some English words. The seventh error is the subjects pronounced the silent consonant /t/ in the word “often”.  The eighth error is the subjects added the consonant /r/ at the word, that word doesn’t required the consonant /r/. The last error is some subjects seemed to generalize the pronunciation of the past tense morpheme which is ended by a bound morpheme /ed/. This research is founded that there are three causes of students’ pronunciation error made in speaking English. The first is an interference errors, the second is an intra lingual errors and the last is a developmental error.

scholarly journals An Analysis On Pronunciation Errors Made By First Semester Students Of English Education Department STKIP CBN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Agnes Maria diana Rafael
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
English Education ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Education Department ◽  
First Semester ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Made In

  Abstract :This study is conducted to find out the pronunciation errors made by the first semester students of English Education Department in STKIP CBN. In conducting the data, the researcher gave the pre-test to the informants, then; the researcher recorded the performances and transcribed the data. The secondary data was gathered from the interview. Based on the data analysis The researcher counted that there are nine types of errors pronunciation made by the subjects. The first error is the subjects substituted a vowel /æ/ and six consonants /kj/,/tʃ/,/ʃ/,/dʒ/ and /ʒ/ with Indonesian sounds. The second error is the subjects substituted some English vowels into Indonesian vowel. The third error is word cognates cases. The fourth is language interference. The fifth is pronouncing the silent consonant /h/. The sixth error is Deleting or omitting some consonants that appeared at the end of some English words. The seventh error is the subjects pronounced the silent consonant /t/ in the word “often”. The eighth error is the subjects added the consonant /r/ at the word, that word doesn’t required the consonant /r/. The last error is some subjects seemed to generalize the pronunciation of the past tense morpheme which is ended by a bound morpheme /ed/. This research is founded that there are three causes of students’ pronunciation error made in speaking English. The first is an interference errors, the second is an intra lingual errors and the last is a developmental error.

The Main Results of the Excavations at Olbia in the Past Three Decades

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. KRYZHITSKIY
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Made In

In the 1790s, the location of Olbia was established, and since 1901 systematic excavations have been made by three successive generations of scholars. The first of these scholars was Pharmakovskiy and his school in 1901–1926. The second scholars to make excavations in Olbia were under the leadership of Slavin, Levi and Karasev. The third generation who took over the excavations from 1972 was headed by Kryzhitskiy from 1972–1995 and Krapivina from 1995. This chapter focuses on the contributions made by the third generation of scholars that made excavations in the Olbia region. The excavations made in this period were governed by three aims: the study of the historico-archaelogical stratigraphy and topography of cultural levels in the various parts of the city including the underwater area beneath the Bug estuary; an emphasis on the least-studied phases of the city's existence, particularly the cultural levels of the archaic period and the early centuries AD; and the rescue and conservation of the coastal portion of the city. The excavations generated important results such as the discovery of the temenos wall, altars, the temple of Apollo Ietros, Hellenistic period citadels and dwellings, and defensive walls belonging to the fifth century. In addition to these excavations and discoveries, the teams headed by Kryzhitskiy and Krapivina made extensive studies on the lower Bug estuary and Olbia's chora.

On the Borders of Law, History and Politics: Estonian Statesman Jüri Jaakson’s Views and Life in Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
Jaanika Erne
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Small States ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Term ◽  
Research Objects ◽  
Made In

Focusing on the life and work of the Estonian politician and Statesman Jüri Jaakson (1870–1942), the article gives an overview of the changing historical and social context that has influenced the formation of Estonian law. Estonia’s historical diversity can be regarded as events of transformation and disruption that have resulted in vague concepts. The article consists of three interrelated parts, taking into account that law and society are interconnected and that politics is constructed through language. The first part builds on Jüri Jaakson’s presentation at the first Estonian Lawyers’ Days in 1922, and shows how historical events have influenced political and legal conceptualisation. The second part shows how Jüri Jaakson’s own biography tragically reflects the changing Estonian historical context that he himself considered diverse and controversial. Finally, in the third part, some normative assertions have been made in an attempt to show that any legal term always relates to a certain social and political context. Although the author’s aim has not been to frame a doctrine or provide instruction, but rather, with the help of Jüri Jaakson’s thoughts situated in the context of his time, to offer a moral measure for understanding the developments that could influence small states, it offers a measure for understanding why societies require (new) conceptualisation and re-conceptualisation. Conceptualisation is understood as constructing something new that we cannot identify in the past, while reconceptualisation is understood as change, also resulting from discontinuity and/or interruption. Because there are no unchangeable social categories or meanings, continuity can at best mean a situation where the research objects have remained more static over a concrete period. Methodologically this article is an attempt to connect legal research with a conceptual historical approach.

Beyond non-translation and “self-translation”

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Tak-hung Chan
Keyword(s):  
Specific Reference ◽  
Original Text ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Category ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Internal Translation ◽  
Professional Translator ◽  
Made In

For non-Anglophone scholars, there are essentially three language options, leading to: (1) untranslated publications in languages other than English; (2) research written in English, although some kind of “internal translation” has occurred to the author concerned; and (3) research translated into English by someone who serves as a mediator between the original text and the readers of the translation. The present paper analyzes the three choice made by Chinese scholars in the past two decades. The first category of these writings is produced by those who are unable to use English, or those who strive to resist Englishization. The second involves bilingual authors who are also “self-translators.” The third is by nature collaborative, with a monolingual author being helped, in most cases, by a professional translator. Specific reference will be made in this article to the shifting importance the third category has assumed in Chinese scholarship in the last decade but the main focus will be on the challenges faced by all non-Anglophone humanities scholars in attempting to publish in English.

Culture wars

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (21) ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Jacek Hołówka
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Made In

The author identifies three stages in the transformation of the dominant ethos in colleges and universities over the past century. These stages were separated by rifts that looked like mild but pernicious culture wars. The first stage which impresses the author most is commonly called Modernism. The second stage is identified as Post-Modernism. The third that presumably takes form before our eyes can be called Neo-Conservatism. Modernism is described as an intellectual position skillfully characterized by Harland G. Bloland. Postmodernism is shown as an intellectual position adopted by Jacques Derrida, Michel Foulcault i Jean-François Lyotard. Copious references to Bloland are also made in this case. The positon of Neoconservatives is exemplified by the writings of Michel Houllebecq, Douglas Murray and Frank Furedi.

scholarly journals PRAWO RZYMSKIE W POLSCE PRZEDROZBIOROWEJ W ŚWIETLE AKTUALNYCH BADAŃ

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Godek
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

ROMAN LAW IN PRE-PARTITION POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF PRESENT RESEARCH Summary The question of the importance of Roman law in pre-partition Poland has been taxing Polish legal historians for more than two centuries. The achievements to date in this field are significant; however, the issue has not been completely exhausted. In ongoing studies, a number of lines of inquiry have been undertaken that constitute a continuation of earlier investigations, but there are also completely new lines. The great controversy about the role of Roman law in Poland prior to 1795 (viz. the Third Partition) that was initiated by historians in the nineteenth century continues to be of unflagging interest. Research into the Romanisation of the Chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek is being continued. The attention of researchers is still drawn to the issue of the teaching of Roman law in pre-partition Poland, especially in Kraków, Wilno, and Zamość. Quite significant progress has been made in research on the impact of Roman law on the codification of Poland prior to 1795. Areas of special interest include the Sigismundina, the Lithuanian Statutes and King Stanisław August’s Code. Research on the influence of Roman law on the work of writers who were lawyers in the pre-partition era is less intense than it was in the past. However, there has been a revival in the study of criminal law, as evidenced by the work on crimen laesae maiestatis.

Al-Rasm al-ʿUthmānī: Towards Correct Pronunciation and the Preclusion of Ambiguity

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-171
Author(s):  
Nāṣir Al-Dīn Abū Khaḍīr
Keyword(s):  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Correct Pronunciation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind

The ʿUthmānic way of writing (al-rasm al-ʿUthmānī) is a science that specialises in the writing of Qur'anic words in accordance with a specific ‘pattern’. It follows the writing style of the Companions at the time of the third caliph, ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān, and was attributed to ʿUthmān on the basis that he was the one who ordered the collection and copying of the Qur'an into the actual muṣḥaf. This article aims to expound on the two fundamental functions of al-rasm al-ʿUthmānī: that of paying regard to the ‘correct’ pronunciation of the words in the muṣḥaf, and the pursuit of the preclusion of ambiguity which may arise in the mind of the reader and his auditor. There is a further practical aim for this study: to show the connection between modern orthography and the ʿUthmānic rasm in order that we, nowadays, are thereby able to overcome the problems faced by calligraphers and writers of the past in their different ages and cultures.

Lot's Offer of his Daughters to his People in the Torah and the Qur'an: A Comparative Study in Two Parts (Part One)

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-224
Author(s):  
ʿĀʾiḍ B. Sad Al-Dawsarī
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Moral Dimensions ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The story of Lot is one of many shared by the Qur'an and the Torah, and Lot's offer of his two daughters to his people is presented in a similar way in the two books. This article compares the status of Lot in the Qur'an and Torah, and explores the moral dimensions of his character, and what scholars of the two religions make of this story. The significance of the episodes in which Lot offers his daughters to his people lies in the similarities and differences of the accounts given in the two books and the fact that, in both the past and the present, this story has presented moral problems and criticism has been leveled at Lot. Context is crucial in understanding this story, and exploration of the ways in which Lot and his people are presented is also useful in terms of comparative studies of the two scriptures. This article is divided into three sections: the first explores the depiction of Lot in the two texts, the second explores his moral limitations, and the third discusses the interpretations of various exegetes and scholars of the two books. Although there are similarities between the Qur'anic and Talmudic accounts of this episode, it is read differently by scholars from the two religions because of the different contexts of the respective accounts.

Negotiating Tripartite Philosophy (Strategy–tactics–technique)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Hazem Hamad Mousa Al Janabi
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Line ◽  
Negotiation Strategy ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past

Tripartite Negotiating philosophy: (strategy - tactics - technique) At the beginning , the research consists of four sections as follows: The first axis titled: "what negotiation", and the second axis: "philosophy of negotiation," The third axis titled: "negotiation strategy". Down to the fourth axis which included titled: "negotiating tactic", Sajama with the past and as a supplement came fifth axis titled: "negotiating technique", to be the bottom line in the form of a set of conclusions. Negotiation consists of a base triple hierarchical strategy - tactics - technique. The philosophy of negotiating interactive basis of rationality. Negotiable three parties are the position and the case and the parties involved. Is the process of negotiating strategic recruitment capacity and capabilities to achieve the desired goal of the crisis prematurely. Negotiating tactic is the process of hiring capacity and capabilities to achieve the desired goal at the negotiating table. •The technique is the process of negotiating employment capacity and capabilities to achieve the desired goal at the negotiating table to contain thesudden things check response and renewed flexibility.

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