4. Archaeological Sites in the Galápagos Group

1956 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Thor Heyerdahl ◽  
Arne Skjölsvold
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Santiago Island

The principal site discovered by the expedition is on the northwest coast of James Bay, Santiago Island. The local conditions for primitive settlement are conspiciously better in this bay than in any other coastal area visited by the expedition in the Galápagos. To a passing craft James Bay opens up wide and impressive, well sheltered by forest-clad mountains sufficiently withdrawn from the coast to leave space for a large and level plateau lifted up like a terrace above the fine sand beaches of the bay (Fig. 3). In the rainy season glittering streams of water appear on the sides of a cone-shaped volcano (Sugar Loaf) and reveal from far out at sea the likely location of waterholes. Even in the dry season there are one or 2 dependable waterholes a couple of miles inland at the foot of this hill.

The instantaneous transport of inorganic and organic material in a highly polluted tropical estuary

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E. D. Noriega ◽  
Marilene Felipe Santiago ◽  
Patrícia Façanha ◽  
Maria da Glória Gonçalves da Silva Cunha ◽  
Rodolfo Araújo da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tropical Estuary ◽  
Liquid Transport ◽  
Water Renewal ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients

The contribution of the estuarine channel of Recife harbour to the eutrophication of the Recife coastal area was evaluated by quantifying the instantaneous transport of salt, dissolved inorganic nutrients (PO4–, SiOH4, NO3–, NO2– and, NH4+), material in suspension, Chlorophyll-a, pico–nanoplankton and microplankton during the rainy (June 2007) and dry (November 2007) seasons. The results showed that all of the dissolved nitrogenated nutrients, the silicate and the material in suspension had higher concentrations during the rainy season, whereas the phosphate and Chlorophyll-a (both the total and the pico–nanoplankton and microplankton fractions) showed greater concentrations during the dry season. All of the materials considered were exported to the sea except for Chlorophyll-a (pico–nanoplankton and microplankton fractions) during the dry season, when these materials were imported into the area. The total liquid transport in the rainy season was three times higher than that found for the dry season. Silicate represented nearly 85% of the total exported material during the rainy period, whereas during the dry season, phosphate and silicate represented 79% of the total exported material. The stratification and circulation processes indicated a well mixed environment. The water-renewal rate was low, as demonstrated by the input of phytoplankton biomass during November. The area was characterised as eutrophic during the months investigated.

scholarly journals Agricultura e Futebol: Resistências e ajustamentos no uso do território na Aldeia de Renque Purga, Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde

ILUMINURAS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladmir Antero Delgado Silves Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Analytical Category ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Santiago Island ◽  
Sports Activities

Em Renque Purga na época das chuvas se pratica agricultura e na época seca se retoma à prática de atividades desportivas. Este quadro paisagístico suscita atenção pela sua singularidade e, sobretudo por evidenciar num micro-espaço uma diversidade de questões. Duas atividades humanas se praticam num mesmo espaço, que se transforma num campo de interação entre lógicas de ocupação do território, consideradas antagónicas, que se harmonizam e se coabitam permitindo assim que sejam abordados pelos mesmos parâmetros. Através de uma “etnografia fotografada” lanço um olhar sobre este locus de relação natureza e sociedade tendo como categoria de análise a paisagem e as estratégias de ocupação do território.Palavras-chave: Agricultura. Futebol. Etnografia.Agriculture and soccer: Resistance and adjustments in the use of territory in the Renque Purga Village, Santiago Island, Cape Verde.AbstractIn Renque Purga in the rainy season is practiced agriculture and in the dry season is taken to the practice of sports activities. This landscaped framework raises attention for its uniqueness and it shows in a micro-space a variety of issues. Two human activities are practiced in the same space, which becomes a field of interaction between logics of occupation of the territory considered antagonistics, that harmonize and cohabit allowing them to be covered by the same parameters. Through a "photographed ethnography" I will observe this space of relationship between nature and society as an analytical category landscape and occupation strategies of the territory.Keywords: Agriculture. Soccer. Ethnography. 

scholarly journals ÁP DỤNG MÔ HÌNH SWAN DỰ BÁO TRƯỜNG SÓNG VEN BỜ BIỂN HẢI PHÒNG

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Le Duc Cuong
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Swan Model ◽  
Dominant Wave ◽  
Near Shore

This paper presents some results of studying the SWAN model, and application of SWAN model to simulate wave field representative of the rainy season and dry season in the coastal area of Hai Phong. During the dry season, the dominant wave direction is in a range from 60o to 100o, maximum height of waves near shore is in a range from 1,0 m to 1,5 m with wavelength of about 2,0 m to 5,0 m, maximum height of waves offshore is in a range from 2,0 m to 2,5 m with wavelength of about 6,0 m to 16 m. During the rainy season, wave height near shore is in a range from 0,2 m to 0,6 m, and that offshore is in a range from 0,8 m to 1,4 m, maximum height of waves is about 3,4 m, predominant wave directions in this season are E, SE and S. In this scenario that predicts waves generated by storms, wave height offshore is in a range from 8,0 m to 10 m with wavelength of about 60 m, and that near shore is in a range from 2,0 m to 4,0 m with wavelength of about 10–20 m.

scholarly journals Impact of sea level rise on current and wave in Van Uc coastal area

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-325
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Hai ◽  
Vu Duy Vinh ◽  
Tran Dinh Lan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Navigation Channel ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Outer Area

This paper presents the results of analysis, comparison of some characteristics of current, wave at Van Uc estuary area when being affected by sea level rise due to climate change based on Delft3D model. Scenario groups are established: The current scenario and the scenarios simulating effect of sea level rise 0.5 m and 1.0 m. The results of calculation and simulation show that the velocity values change locally when sea level rises: Rise in the northern and southern areas (0.2–5 cm/s); decrease in the navigation channel (0.6–30 cm/s). Sea level rise causes the increase of wave height in the coastal area (13.5–43.8% in the dry season and 20–40% in the rainy season) and fewer changes in the outer area.

The Effect of Climate on the Migrations and Breeding of Locusta migratorioides in Nigeria

1931 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen B. Lean
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
Breeding Ground ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Climatic Elements

The locust infestation in Nigeria, from December 1929 to April 1931, is studied in relation to the climate and the following preliminary conclusions are made.1. Humidity, precipitation and wind are the relevant climatic elements. Temperature does not seem of importance.2. It is considered that the area of dispersal is limited by the humidity factor. With very few exceptions swarms remain where the mean relative humidity (9 a.m., L.M.T.) is not more than 85 per cent. and not less than 40 per cent., while most swarms are found where the humidity is from 60 per cent. to 80 per cent.3. This humidity belt is similar to the area covered by three main types of vegetation and the swarms move across the belt according to the humidity changes.4. Movement along the belt is largely caused by the prevailing wind.5. Breeding does not commence after the dry season until the humidity rises to 60 per cent. and the degree of wetness, calculated from the monthly rainfall, reaches 2. Breeding does not occur if the humidity is above 80 per cent.6. Through the dry season the adults seem unable to live much more than 22 weeks, and if optimum breeding conditions are not reached within that period death may occur.7. Breeding towards the end of the rainy season follows some 11 to 15 weeks after the locusts become adult, so long as the humidity is not more than 80 per cent., and high humidity may cause a diapause.8. Suitable local conditions during the dry season may allow a third breeding season.These conclusions may be utilised in the following ways :—1. To delimit the total area likely to be infested.2. To forecast when the different zones will be infested by flying swarms.3. To forecast whether and when breeding is likely to occur in each locality.4. To check whether unidentified swarms were of this species of locust.5. To test the possibility of one suspected breeding ground having been infested from another.

scholarly journals ALTERNATIF BANGUNAN AIR UNTUK PENYEDIAAN AIR BAKU DI PULAU GILI-GILI, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diah Affandi
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Geological Conditions

In order to meet water needs during the dry season in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), particularly on small islands in the NTB area needed a facility that can accommodate the rain water in the rainy season, so water supply can be used during the dry season. Characteristics of land in coastal areas in particular, other than flat land also contains sand, so the soil tends to have relatively high permeabilities. To build waterworks facilities suitable to local conditions then, required an assessment of alternative types of water structure adapted to the geological conditions and availability of building materials to be used. Keywords : Karakteristik Tanah, Alternative Bangunan Air

STUDI BIONOMIK VEKTOR MALARIA DI KECAMATAN KALIBAWANG, KULONPROGO

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardjito Eko Windarso dkk
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The increasing of malaria cases in recent years at Kecamatan Kalibawang has been suspected correspond with the conversion of farming land-use which initiated in 1993. Four years after the natural vegetation in this area were changed become cocoa and coffee commercial farming estates, the number of malaria cases in 1997 rose more than six times, and in 2000 it reached 6085. This study were aimed to observe whether there were any differences in density and diversity of Anopheles as malaria vector between the cocoa and mix farming during dry and rainy seasons. The results of the study are useful for considering the appropriate methods, times and places for mosquito vector controlling. The study activities comprised of collecting Anopheles as well as identifying the species to determine the density and diversity of the malaria vector. Both activities were held four weeks in dry season and four weeks in rainy season. The mea-surement of physical factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall were also conducted to support the study results. Four dusuns which meet the criteria and had the highest malaria cases were selected as study location. Descriptively, the results shows that the number of collected Anopheles in cocoa farming were higher compared with those in mix horticultural farming; and the number of Anopheles species identifi ed in cocoa farming were also more varied than those in the mix horticultural farming.Key words: bionomik vektor malaria, anopheles,

scholarly journals Understanding variability in greenhouse gas emission estimates of smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titis Apdini ◽  
Windi Al Zahra ◽  
Simon J. Oosting ◽  
Imke J. M. de Boer ◽  
Marion de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Smallholder Dairy Farms

Abstract Purpose Life cycle assessment studies on smallholder farms in tropical regions generally use data that is collected at one moment in time, which could hamper assessment of the exact situation. We assessed seasonal differences in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) from Indonesian dairy farms by means of longitudinal observations and evaluated the implications of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGE per kg milk (GHGEI) for a single farm, and the population mean. Methods An LCA study was done on 32 smallholder dairy farms in the Lembang district area, West Java, Indonesia. Farm visits (FVs) were performed every 2 months throughout 1 year: FV1–FV3 (rainy season) and FV4–FV6 (dry season). GHGEs were assessed for all processes up to the farm-gate, including upstream processes (production and transportation of feed, fertiliser, fuel and electricity) and on-farm processes (keeping animals, manure management and forage cultivation). We compared means of GHGE per unit of fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM) produced in the rainy and the dry season. We evaluated the implication of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGEI, and on the variance of GHGE from different processes. Results and discussion GHGEI was higher in the rainy (1.32 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM) than in the dry (0.91 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM) season (P < 0.05). The between farm variance was 0.025 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM in both seasons. The within farm variance in the estimate for the single farm mean decreased from 0.69 (1 visit) to 0.027 (26 visits) kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (rainy season), and from 0.32 to 0.012 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (dry season). The within farm variance in the estimate for the population mean was 0.02 (rainy) and 0.01 (dry) kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (1 visit), and decreased with an increase in farm visits. Forage cultivation was the main source of between farm variance, enteric fermentation the main source of within farm variance. Conclusions The estimated GHGEI was significantly higher in the rainy than in the dry season. The main contribution to variability in GHGEI is due to variation between observations from visits to the same farm. This source of variability can be reduced by increasing the number of visits per farm. Estimates for variation within and between farms enable a more informed decision about the data collection procedure.

scholarly journals Directional Distance Function Technical Efficiency of Chili Production in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Wirat Krasachat ◽  
Suthathip Yaisawarng
Keyword(s):  
Distance Function ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Directional Distance Function ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Function Technique ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Gap Technology

To overcome the challenging food safety and security problem, in 2003, the Thai government initiated ‘Good Agricultural Practices’ (GAP) technology. This paper used a sample of 107 small chili farms from the Chiyaphoom province for the 2012 crop year, and data envelopment analysis (DEA) meta-frontier directional distance function technique to answer two questions: (1) Are GAP-adopting farms, on average, more efficient than conventional farms? (2) Does access to GAP technology affect farmers’ decisions to adopt GAP technology? We also developed an ‘indirect’ approach to reduce the potential sample selection bias for small samples. For the dry-season subsample, GAP farms were more technically efficient when compared with non-GAP farms. These dry-season non-GAP farms may not adopt the GAP method because they have limited access to GAP technology. For the rainy-season subsample, on average, GAP farms were more efficient than non-GAP farms at the 5% level. Access to the GAP technology is not a possible reason for non-GAP rainy season farms to not adopt the GAP technology. To enable sustainable development, government agencies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must develop and implement appropriate educational and training workshops to promote and assist GAP technology adoption for chili farms in Thailand.

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