scholarly journals Plant Location Models for a Honey Packer: Sensitivity of Findings to Some Alternative Specifications with Reference to the South

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Holroyd ◽  
B. V. Lessley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Location ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Location Models ◽  
Actual Operating ◽  
Processing Plants

This paper discusses plant location models applied to a honey processing-marketing cooperative firm with emphasis on sensitivity of findings to some alternative objectives and specifications. Though the study was nationwide in scope, the southern regions of the United States played a significant role in the analyses.The first objective was to determine the number, size, and location of honey processing plants which would minimize total assembly, processing, and product shipment cost. In pursuit of the first objective, two of several questions receiving consideration were: 1. In comparing an optimizing least-cost result to an actual operating cost result, what is a valid specification of “actual” cost? 2. Is there a simple way of checking on the validity of a minimum cost solution?

Benefits Forgone

2016 ◽  
pp. 53-80
Author(s):  
Eric C. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rail Service ◽  
Practical Constraints

By conservative, reliable, objective, and preliminary estimates, the United States could generate at least $660 million annually – $26.4 billion over four decades – by building and operating faster, more frequent, more dependable, and more highly integrated passenger rail service in four corridors: The Northeast; the Chicago Hub; California; and the Northwest. Numerous studies by a variety of national and international organizations and government agencies suggest that the actual cost of building and/or improving passenger rail service lines is significantly less than the cost per mile of other modal alternatives. In fact, in many corridors, passenger rail is the only feasible option for adding capacity, given the practical constraints facing aviation and highway expansion. Further, by integrating improved, higher speed intercity passenger rail service into the existing transportation system, major issues of congestion, mobility and economic inequality can be addressed.

Benjamin Franklin and the Holy See, 1783–1784

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 220-228
Author(s):  
Luca Codignola
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Benjamin Franklin ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Main Protagonist ◽  
Selection Of

Benjamin Franklin played a significant role in the early encounter between Rome and the United States. By highlighting Franklin’s role one is likely to question the two main tenets of traditional Catholic historiography in this regard. First of all, that the Holy See did not unwillingly submit itself to any imposition of newly-devised American democratic procedures in selecting how best to deal with the new republic. Secondly, that Franklin did constantly intervene in religious matters, at least as far as these concerned the establishment of the Catholic Church in the United States. In fact, the adoption of a democratic form of selection of the higher hierarchy was easily accepted and indeed exploited by the Holy See. Furthermore, much was going on underneath the official doctrine of the separation between church and state. This resembled old-regime diplomatic wrangling and had Franklin as its main protagonist.

Food Safety: Problems of the Past and Perspectives of the Future1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 658-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. FOSTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Bacterial Food

Historically, most bacterial food poisoning in the United States is associated with mishandling, either in the home or in the food service establishment. Outbreaks traceable to errors in processing plants are rare. When they do occur they are often associated with changes in processing or packaging technology whose effect is not determined before the product is on the market. Areas of future concern that need research include (1) a better understanding of the mycotoxins; (2) how to minimize Salmonella contamination in animal products; (3) how to prevent, or at least predict, red tides; (4) better bactericidal agents that can be applied to foods; (5) an understanding of the nature and significance of mutagenic agents that are produced in foods during cooking.

Prevalence, Enumeration, and Antimicrobial Agent Resistance of Clostridium difficile in Cattle at Harvest in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1618-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER RODRIGUEZ-PALACIOS ◽  
MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE ◽  
JEFFREY T. LeJEUNE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Ribotype 078

To assess the potential for food contamination with Clostridium difficile from food animals, we conducted a cross-sectional fecal prevalence study in 944 randomly selected cattle harvested at seven commercial meat processing plants, representing four distant regions (median distance of 1,500 km) of the United States. In all, 944 animals were sampled in the summer of 2008. C. difficile was isolated from 1.8% (17 of 944) of cattle, with median fecal shedding concentration of 2.2 log CFU/g (range = 1.6 to 4.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 4.3). Toxigenic C. difficile isolates were recovered from only four (0.4%) cattle. One of these isolates was emerging PCR ribotype 078/toxinotype V. The remaining toxigenic isolates were toxinotype 0, one of which was an isolate with resistance to linezolid, clindamycin, and moxifloxacin (by the E-test). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, metronidazole, and tigecycline, but the MICs against linezolid were as high as the highest reported values for human-derived isolates. The source of the linezolid-clindamycin-moxifloxacin resistance in a toxigenic C. difficile isolate from cattle is uncertain. However, since the use of these three antimicrobial agents in cattle is not allowed in North America, it is possible that resistance originated from an environmental source, from other species where those antimicrobial agents are used, or transferred from other intestinal bacteria. This study confirms that commercial cattle can carry epidemiologically relevant C. difficile strains at the time of harvest, but the prevalence at the time they enter the food chain is low.

The New Civil-Military Relations

1961 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene M. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Civilian Control ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military

Historically the character of civil-military relations in the United States has been dominated by the concept of civilian control of the military. This has largely been a response to the fear of praetorianism. As recently as 1949, for example, the first Hoover Commission asserted that one of the major reasons for strengthening the “means of exercising civilian control” over the defense establishment was to “safeguard our democratic traditions against militarism.” This same warning was raised in the report of the Rockefeller Committee on defense organization in 1953. While the overriding purpose of the committee's recommendations was to provide “the Nation with maximum security at minimum cost,” the report made it clear that this had to be achieved “without danger to our free institutions, based on the fundamental principle of civilian control of the Military Establishment.” Finally, during the debate on the reorganization proposals of 1958, senators and congressmen used the theme of a “Prussianized” military staff to attempt to slow down the trend towards centralization in the military establishment.Despite this imposing support, the concept of civilian control of the military has little significance for contemporary problems of national security in the United States. In the first place, military leaders are divided among themselves, although their differences cannot be reduced to a crass contrast between dichomatic doctrines. Air Force leaders who are gravely concerned over the need to maintain a decisive nuclear retaliatory force are by now acknowledging the need to develop a limited war capability.

scholarly journals Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination on Hides and Carcasses of Cull Cattle Presented for Slaughter in the United States: an Evaluation of Prevalence and Bacterial Loads by Immunomagnetic Separation and Direct Plating Methods

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (20) ◽  
pp. 6289-6297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna M. Brichta-Harhay ◽  
Michael N. Guerini ◽  
Terrance M. Arthur ◽  
Joseph M. Bosilevac ◽  
Norasak Kalchayanand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
The United States ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Carcass Contamination

ABSTRACT The hide and carcass hygiene of cull cattle at slaughter in four geographically distant regions of the United States was examined from July 2005 to April 2006 by measuring the aerobic plate counts (APC) and the prevalences and loads of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The geometric mean log10 APC CFU/100 cm2 levels on hides and preevisceration and postintervention carcasses ranged from 6.17 to 8.19, 4.24 to 6.47, and 1.46 to 1.96, respectively, and were highest in the summer (P < 0.0001). The average prevalences of Salmonella on hides and preevisceration and postintervention carcasses were 89.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.1 to 94.0), 50.2% (95% CI, 40.9 to 59.5), and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.18 to 1.42), respectively. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 were 46.9% (95% CI, 37.3 to 56.6) and 16.7% (95% CI, 9.8 to 23.6) on hides and preevisceration carcasses, respectively. Examination of the concomitant incidence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 showed that, on average, 33.3% (95% CI, 15.9 to 69.8) of cattle hide and 4.1% (95% CI, 0.98 to 17.3) of preevisceration carcass samples were contaminated with both pathogens. The pathogen prevalence on hides and carcasses was not significantly affected by the season; however, significant differences were observed between plants with respect to the incoming pathogen load and the ability to mitigate hide-to-carcass transfer. In spite of these differences, postintervention carcass contamination was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), likely as a result of the use of one or more of the processing interventions employed at each of the four processing plants examined.

scholarly journals On Oblivion: the Case of Yugoslavian Monopoly

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Zala Pavšič
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Board Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Board Games

This article on the Yugoslavian version of the board game Monopoly is based on the assumption that things make people. In accordance with this a concept, the contribution begins with a historical overview of the development of this game in the United States, from its origins when it spreads around the country as a popular game, to the current day, when Monopoly is marketed a leading corporation in the field of board games, Hasbro. The popularity of the game is also evident from its presence in the public space in the form of metaphors: because of its emphasis on trading, it is sometimes referred to “greed”, and in the Balkans it can also serve as a metaphor for the nation state.In the memories of my interlocutors who helped me with their testimonies, the Yugoslav version of Monopoly is associated with pleasant memories: especially of childhood, youth and relatives or friends with whom they used to play the game. In my interviews I focused on two topics which did not play such a significant role in the testimonies of the interlocutors, but were, however, common in the testimonies of interviewees who got acquainted with the game as children: to the question of the supposed superiority of Slovenia, as Bled and Bohinj were the most expensive properties, and the presumption that Monopoly is a game which can reproduce cultural memory, in this case knowing the geography of the former common state. The thesis on Slovene superiority proved to rely on generations to which my interviewees belonged, since it appeared especially in the answers of the interlocutors who were born in the late 1980s. Hence, I assume that this thesis was more likely a projection of the outside reality of my interlocutors into the game than vice versa.Analysing the answers of my interlocutors more thoroughly, I reached the conclusion that Monopoly often appeared as the first reference through which they heard about a certain resort in the regions of the former Yugoslavia. This means that Monopoly contained traces of cultural memory which other sources of our everyday lives, education and upbringing ceased to transmit.

US midstream energy may see consolidation

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
White House ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Keystone Xl

Significance The shale revolution in the United States created an explosion in upstream exploration and production (E&P) activity, as well as unprecedented demand for infrastructure to connect newfound resources with refineries and processing plants. Even a brief pause in shale revenue and drilling could imperil investment in this midstream sector. Impacts Keystone XL may be traded by the White House for environmental policy from Congress. The decline in oil prices will hit the Texan economy, as well as the presidential hopes of former Governor Rick Perry. Although oil exports may not be permitted, swaps with Mexico will ease oversupply of light crude.

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