The cognitive and behavioral sciences: Real patterns, real unity, real causes, but no supervenience

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Ross ◽  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Unity Of Science ◽  
The Relationship

Our response amplifies our case for scientific realism and the unity of science and clarifies our commitments to scientific unity, nonreductionism, behaviorism, and our rejection of talk of “emergence.” We acknowledge support from commentators for our view of physics and, responding to pressure and suggestions from commentators, deny the generality supervenience and explain what this involves. We close by reflecting on the relationship between philosophy and science.

scholarly journals SEEKING ANSWERS: LEARNING, KNOWLEDGE AND PHILOSOPHY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simón Busch Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The present essay intends to explore the relationship between science and philosophy from an epistemological viewpoint, discussing the relevance of scientific realism for developing a fruitful feedback between philosophy and science. First, I argue that changing the traditional definition of knowledge should not imply skepticism. Instead, scientific models of the mind can serve as an epistemological guide for defining the acquisition of knowledge as a dynamic process, where the learner interacts with reality. Second, I argue that these models can portray reality, though not in a direct and complete way. In this sense, science is regarded as providing a diversely-grained group of models that can be compared by philosophy in order to improve philosophical discussions.<br /><br /></p>

Permutation Tests in the Educational and Behavioral Sciences

Methodology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Huo ◽  
Mieke Heyvaert ◽  
Wim Van den Noortgate ◽  
Patrick Onghena
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Permutation Tests ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Intelligent Algorithms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Over the past two decades, permutation tests (PTs) have received much attention in the educational and behavioral sciences. The aim of this article is to review the theoretical developments of PTs, the active areas in the educational and behavioral research using PTs, and the types of analysis under which PTs have been applied. We obtained 224 published articles, which included 141 theoretical articles and 83 application articles. After scrutinizing each article, we are happy to see that (1) some researchers began to advocate introducing PTs into basic statistics training; (2) computing load for PTs may be reduced dramatically by some intelligent algorithms; (3) PTs began to be applied in new areas such as studies on the relationship between brain and behavior and the relationship between gene and behavior; (4) besides simple types of analysis such as independent two-group comparison, PTs can also be carried out under more complex situations such as multivariate analysis. However, we should also notice that PTs are still mostly used for simple analyses (e.g., randomness analysis).

scholarly journals An Updated Evaluation of the Dichotomous Link Between Creativity and Mental Health

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongjun Zhao ◽  
Zhiwen Tang ◽  
Fang Lu ◽  
Qiang Xing ◽  
Wangbing Shen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Pathway Model ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Dual Pathway ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

The theory of the mad genius, a popular cultural fixture for centuries, has received widespread attention in the behavioral sciences. Focusing on a longstanding debate over whether creativity and mental health are positively or negatively correlated, this study first summarized recent relevant studies and meta-analyses and then provided an updated evaluation of this correlation by describing a new and useful perspective for considering the relationship between creativity and mental health. Here, a modified version of the dual-pathway model of creativity was developed to explain the seemingly paradoxical relationship between creativity and mental health. This model can greatly enrich the scientific understanding of the so-called mad genius controversy and further promote the scientific exploration of the link between creativity and mental health or psychopathology.

What to say to a skeptical metaphysician: A defense manual for cognitive and behavioral scientists

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Ross ◽  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

A wave of recent work in metaphysics seeks to undermine the anti-reductionist, functionalist consensus of the past few decades in cognitive science and philosophy of mind. That consensus apparently legitimated a focus on what systems do, without necessarily and always requiring attention to the details of how systems are constituted. The new metaphysical challenge contends that many states and processes referred to by functionalist cognitive scientists are epiphenomenal. It further contends that the problem lies in functionalism itself, and that, to save the causal significance of mind, it is necessary to re-embrace reductionism.We argue that the prescribed return to reductionism would be disastrous for the cognitive and behavioral sciences, requiring the dismantling of most existing achievements and placing intolerable restrictions on further work. However, this argument fails to answer the metaphysical challenge on its own terms. We meet that challenge by going on to argue that the new metaphysical skepticism about functionalist cognitive science depends on reifying two distinct notions of causality (one primarily scientific, the other metaphysical), then equivocating between them. When the different notions of causality are properly distinguished, it is clear that functionalism is in no serious philosophical trouble, and that we need not choose between reducing minds or finding them causally impotent. The metaphysical challenge to functionalism relies, in particular, on a naïve and inaccurate conception of the practice of physics, and the relationship between physics and metaphysics.

Some Interfaces between Alcoholism and Mental Health

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Earl X. Freed
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Genetic Component ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Tension Reduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alcohol Use And Abuse

Some interfaces, common boundaries, between the fields of alcoholism and mental health are explored. These include the relationship between alcoholism and psychopathology; psychodynamic, affective, consciousness altering, and tension reduction aspects of alcohol consumption; possible developmental predispositions to alcoholism; consideration of a genetic component; psychotherapeutic desiderata; etc. Explorations of these—and other—interfaces should help to define the roles of mental health and behavioral sciences vis a vis alcohol use and abuse.

Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students: Case Study of VNU University of Economics and Business:

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Mai ◽  
Luu Thi Minh Ngoc ◽  
Dao Thi Phuong Linh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Lan ◽  
Tran Thi Ngoc Quynh
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Social And Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents results of a research on determinants of entrepreneurial intention among business students. VNU – University of Economics and Business is chosen for survey location. 250 questionnaires were emailed to business students at VNU – UEB, and then 226 responses were valid for further analysis. Findings from this research show that knowledge and experience, attitude toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavior control are three most important factors that influence the entrepreneurial intention.  Keyword Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial intention, business students References [1] Drucker, P. F. (1985), Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Butterworth-Heineman Publishing House[2] Schumpeter, J.A (1947) “The creative response in economic history”, Journal of Economic History, 7(2), 149 – 159.[3]Volkman, C.et al., (2009),“Educating the Next wave of entrepreneurs. Unlocking entrepreneurial capabilities to meet the global challenges of 21st century”, Report of the Global Education Initiative. Cologny, Geneva: World Economic Forum.[4]Mumtaz et al., (2012)B.A.K. Mumtaz, S. Munirah, K. Halimahton. “The Relationship between educational support and entrepreneurial intentions in Malaysian Higher Learning Institution”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69 (24) (2012), pp. 2164-2173[5, 7]. Turker, D., Selcuk, S.S. (2009). “Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students?” Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142 – 159[6]Peterman, Kennedy, (2003) “Enterprise Education: Influencing Students’ Perceptions of Entrepreneurship”,Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28(2), pp. 129 – 144.[8] Roxas et al. (2008) “An Institutional View of Local Entrepreneurial Climate”,Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 7(1) [9] Engle, R.I., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J.V., Schlaegel, C.Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., He, X., Buame, S. and Wolff, B. (2010). “Entrepreneurial Intent: A Twelve-Country Evaluation of Ajzen’s Model of Planned Behavior”,International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 16(1), pp. 35 – 47.[10] Devonish , D., Alleyne, P., Soverall, W.C., Marshall, A.Y. and Pounder, P. (2010). “Explaining Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Caribbean”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 16(2), pp.149 – 171.[11] Yusof, M., Sandhu, M.S, Jain, K.K. (2007), “Relationship between Psychological Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Inclination: A Case Study of Students at University Tun Abdul Razak (UNITAR)”, Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 3(2).[12] Birdthistle, N. (2008), “Family SMEs in Ireland as Learning Organizations”, The Learning Organization, 15(5), pp. 421-436.[13] Davey, T., Plewa, C.,Struwig, M. (2010). “Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Career Intentions of International Students”, Journal of Education and Training, 53(5), pp. 335 – 352.[14] Krueger, Norris F., Reilly, Michael D., Carsrud, Alan L. (2000). “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Business Venture, 15(5/6), pp. 411 – 432.[15] Hoyer, W., MacInnis, D. (2004),Consumer Behavior (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[16] Boissin, J. P., Branchet, B., Emin, S., Herbert, J. I. (2009). “Students and entrepreneurship: A comparative study of France and the United States”, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 101-122.[17] Shane, S., (2003), A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunitynexus, UK: Edward Elgar[18] Brandstätter, H. (2011). “Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses”, Personality and Individual Differences, 51, pp. 222–230.[19] GhasemiF. et al (2011), “The relationship between creativity and achievement motivationwith high school students’ entrepreneurship”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, pp. 1291 – 1296.[20] Nguyen, M., & Phan, A. (2014), “Entrepreneurial Traits and Motivations of the Youth – an Empirical Study in Ho Chi Minh City – Vietnam”. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(1), pp. 53–62.[21] Maes, J., Leroy, H., & Sels, L (2014), “Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: A TPB multi-group analysis at factor and indicator level”, European Management Journal, 32 (5), pp. 784-794

Transcendental Phenomenology and Unobservable Entities

Perspectives ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Berghofer
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Can phenomenologists allow for the existence of unobservable entities such as atoms, electrons, and quarks? Can we justifiably believe in the existence of entities that are in principle unobservable? This paper addresses the relationship between Husserlian transcendental phenomenology and scientific realism. More precisely, the focus is on the question of whether there are basic epistemological principles phenomenologists are committed to that have anti-realist consequences with respect to unobservable entities. This question is relevant since Husserl’s basic epistemological principles, such as the “principle of all principles,” seem to suggest that epistemic justification is limited to what can be originally given in the sense that if an object cannot be given in an originary presentive intuition, then one cannot be justified in believing that this object exists. It is the main aim of this paper to show (i) that interpretative reasons exist for not reading Husserl in such a way and (ii) that systematic reasons exist as to why phenomenologists should not subscribe to this criterion. I shall put forward a different criterion of justification that satisfies the spirit of Husserlian transcendental phenomenology and allows for justifiably believing in the existence of unobservable scientific entities.

scholarly journals REALISMO SCIENTIFICO SENZA SCIENTISMO: LA PROPOSTA DI HILARY PUTNAM

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lizzadri
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Logical Empiricist ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Actual Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Quantities

The reflection of Hilary Putnam over the scientific realism endured frequent distortions inside the contemporary epistemologic debate. Just recently, in fact, in Philosophy in an Age of Science (2012), Putnam himself wanted to explicitly denounce the undeserved identification of his originary scientific realism with the scientism, as well as the illegitimacy of the resulting criticism of incoherence considering the new appreciation of metaphysics of the Nineties. On the other hand, in Mathematics, matter and method (1975), Putnam has already led a fierce criticism against the logical empiricist scientism and its deceptive and non realistic concept of science. The paper intents to present this criticism starting with the analysis of some essays from the first volume of the Philosophical Papers, in order to bring to the “backlight” surface the actual nature of his scientific realism. The scientific realism will, first of all, show itself like the attitude of the phylosopher, or rather of the scientist, in front of the scientific activity: differently from the non-realistic “deductivism” which prior imposes its own methodological rules as an essential warrancy of truth, the scientific realism refuses such “feticism” of the method, sure that the scientific activity works by itself in the sphere of truth, as in inside the space defined by the relationship between a subject and something else. Such polarity will be verified through Putnam’s criticism against the geo-chronometric conventionalism of Adolf Grünbaum (An Examination of Grünbaum’s Philosophy of Geometry, 1963), in terms of “existential relevance” of scientific theories, even when recognising conventional elements in the definition with reference to physical quantities.

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