Interaction synchrony and neural circuits contribute to shared intentionality

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-698
Author(s):  
Ruth Feldman ◽  
Linda C. Mayes ◽  
James E. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Cultural Cognition ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
And Behaviors

In the dyadic and triadic sharing of emotions, intentions, and behaviors in families, interactive synchrony is important to the early life experiences that contribute to the development of cultural cognition. This synchrony likely depends on neurobiological circuits, currently under study with brain imaging, that involve attention, stress response, and memory.

Biological Sensitivity to Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 600-624
Author(s):  
Nila Shakiba ◽  
Elisabeth Conradt ◽  
Bruce J. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Stress Responsivity ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Biological Sensitivity To Context

It is now well established that early experiences of adversity play a central role in development of many mental health problems in adulthood. However, the effects are more pronounced and detrimental for some individuals compared to others. Informed by the biological sensitivity to context model, an evolutionary-developmental model of individual differences in stress responsivity, the present chapter highlights the role of stress response system as one moderating mechanism in the pathway between early life experiences and development of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The model posits that the magnitude and integrated patterns of autonomic and adrenocortical responses to psychosocial challenges are indicators of the organisms’ level of susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences. The final part of the chapter focuses on the role of early life experiences in programming the functioning of stress response systems, development of adaptive stress responsivity patterns, and related behavioral profiles.

scholarly journals Developmental plasticity of the stress response in female but not in male guppies

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 172268 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chouinard-Thuly ◽  
A. R. Reddon ◽  
I. Leris ◽  
R. L. Earley ◽  
S. M. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Cortisol Release ◽  
Over Time

To survive, animals must respond appropriately to stress. Stress responses are costly, so early-life experiences with potential stressors could adaptively tailor adult stress responses to local conditions. However, how multiple stressors influence the development of the stress response remains unclear, as is the role of sex. Trinidadian guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) are small fish with extensive life-history differences between the sexes and population variation in predation pressure and social density. We investigated how sex and early-life experience influence hormonal stress responses by manipulating conspecific density and perceived predation risk during development. In adults, we sampled cortisol twice to measure initial release and change over time in response to a recurring stressor. The sexes differed considerably in their physiological stress response. Males released more cortisol for their body mass than females and did not reduce cortisol release over time. By contrast, all females, except those reared at high density together with predation cues, reduced cortisol release over time. Cortisol responses of males were thus less dynamic in response to current circumstances and early-life experiences than females, consistent with life-history differences between the sexes. Our study underscores the importance of early-life experiences, interacting ecological factors and sex differences in the organization of the stress response.

scholarly journals Early Origins of Body Mass in Later Life: Examining Childhood Risks and Adult Pathways

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652110054
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Mustillo ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Patricia Morton ◽  
Kenneth F. Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Nationally Representative

Prior research reveals that negative early-life experiences play a major role in the development of obesity in later life, but few studies identify mechanisms that alter the lifetime risk of obesity. This study examines the influence of negative childhood experiences on body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI ≥30) during older adulthood and the psychosocial and behavioral pathways involved. Using a nationally representative sample, we examine the influence of cumulative misfortune as well as five separate domains of misfortune on BMI and obesity. Results show that four of the five domains are associated with BMI and obesity either directly, indirectly, or both. The influence of cumulative misfortune on the outcomes is mediated by three adult factors: socioeconomic status, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. The mediators identified here provide targets for intervention among older adults to help offset the health risks of excess BMI attributable of early-life exposure to misfortune.

scholarly journals Gene regulation contributes to explain the impact of early life socioeconomic disadvantage on adult inflammatory levels in two cohort studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Carmeli ◽  
Zoltán Kutalik ◽  
Pashupati P. Mishra ◽  
Eleonora Porcu ◽  
Cyrille Delpierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIndividuals experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood have a higher rate of inflammation-related diseases decades later. Little is known about the mechanisms linking early life experiences to the functioning of the immune system in adulthood. To address this, we explore the relationship across social-to-biological layers of early life social exposures on levels of adulthood inflammation and the mediating role of gene regulatory mechanisms, epigenetic and transcriptomic profiling from blood, in 2,329 individuals from two European cohort studies. Consistently across both studies, we find transcriptional activity explains a substantive proportion (78% and 26%) of the estimated effect of early life disadvantaged social exposures on levels of adulthood inflammation. Furthermore, we show that mechanisms other than cis DNA methylation may regulate those transcriptional fingerprints. These results further our understanding of social-to-biological transitions by pinpointing the role of gene regulation that cannot fully be explained by differential cis DNA methylation.

scholarly journals New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi A Fineberg ◽  
Samuel R. Chamberlain ◽  
Anna E. Goudriaan ◽  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Clinical Genetic ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Neuropsychological Mechanisms

Impulsivity and compulsivity represent useful conceptualizations that involve dissociable cognitive functions, which are mediated by neuroanatomically and neurochemically distinct components of cortico-subcortical circuitry. The constructs were historically viewed as diametrically opposed, with impulsivity being associated with risk-seeking and compulsivity with harm-avoidance. However, they are increasingly recognized to be linked by shared neuropsychological mechanisms involving dysfunctional inhibition of thoughts and behaviors. In this article, we selectively review new developments in the investigation of the neurocognition of impulsivity and compulsivity in humans, in order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of impulsive, compulsive, and addictive disorders and indicate new directions for research.

Narcissism and recollections of early life experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 935-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamra E. Cater ◽  
Virgil Zeigler-Hill ◽  
Jennifer Vonk
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences

scholarly journals Conflicts with Wolves Can Originate from Their Parent Packs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1801
Author(s):  
Diederik van Liere ◽  
Nataša Siard ◽  
Pim Martens ◽  
Dušanka Jordan
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Google Search

Transmission of experience about prey and habitat supports the survival of next generation of wolves. Thus, the parent pack (PP) can affect whether young migrating wolves (loners) kill farm animals or choose to be in human environments, which generates human–wolf conflicts. Therefore, we researched whether the behavior of loners resembles PP behavior. After being extinct, 22 loners had entered the Netherlands between 2015 and 2019. Among them, 14 could be DNA-identified and linked with their PPs in Germany. Some loners were siblings. We assessed the behavior of each individual and PP through a structured Google search. PP behavior was determined for the loner’s rearing period. Similarity between loner and PP behavior was significant (p = 0.022) and applied to 10 of 14 cases: like their PPs, three loners killed sheep and were near humans, five killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep, nor were they near humans. Siblings behaved similarly. Thus, sheep killing and proximity to humans may develop during early-life experiences in the PP. However, by negative reinforcement that can be prevented. New methods are suggested to achieve that. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving PPs.

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