scholarly journals The dynamics of development: Challenges for Bayesian rationality

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Straubinger ◽  
Edward T. Cokely ◽  
Jeffrey R. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Lifespan Development ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Memory Strategy ◽  
Bayesian Rationality

AbstractOaksford & Chater (O&C) focus on patterns of typical adult reasoning from a probabilistic perspective. We discuss implications of extending the probabilistic approach to lifespan development, considering the role of working memory, strategy use, and expertise. Explaining variations in human reasoning poses a challenge to Bayesian rational analysis, as it requires integrating knowledge about cognitive processes.

scholarly journals The role of strategy use in working memory training outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 104064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fellman ◽  
Jussi Jylkkä ◽  
Otto Waris ◽  
Anna Soveri ◽  
Liisa Ritakallio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Working Memory Training ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Training Outcomes

A-142 A Correlation between Reading Fluency and Processing Speed in a Child Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195-1195
Author(s):  
Lara Rifai ◽  
Nisha Kajani ◽  
Kayla Kotalik ◽  
Ana Lopez ◽  
Lisa Lashley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Reading Efficiency

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between reading fluency in the WJ-IV ACH and processing speed in the WISC-V. Method The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified database. Participants (n = 90) included individuals who completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition (WISC-V), which measures intellectual ability, and the Woodcock Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV ACH), which tests for reading, writing, and mathematic achievement. The participants consisted of 36.7% White, 20% Black, 31.1% Hispanic, and 12.2% Other. From the sample, 66.7% were male and 32.3% were female. All the participants were administered the WISC-V and WJ-IV ACH (mean age = 10.53, SD = 2.50; mean education = 4.6, SD = 2.47). Vocabulary was controlled for. Results The results indicated a significant correlation between the WJ-IV ACH Reading Fluency and the WISC-V Processing Speed Index r(87) = 0.326, p = 0.002. Conclusions Previous research has found that deficits in processing speed affect reading efficiency. Cognitive processes are affected even in children with ADHD who are able to decode words accurately. Processing speed, specifically Coding in the WISC-IV, was found to be significantly associated with verbal span and measures of working memory. Moreover, processing speed and working memory have been found to be significant predictors of oral reading fluency (Jacobson et al., 2011). The current findings confirm a correlation between processing speed and reading fluency in updated versions of the forementioned assessments. Future research should investigate the role of comorbid diagnosis found in the functioning of both processing speed and reading fluency.

Strategy Use Mediates the Relation between Openness to Experience and Episodic Memory in Younger and Older Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412098193
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Talpain ◽  
Andrea Soubelet
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Memory Strategies ◽  
Memory Strategy ◽  
Efficient Memory

Previous research has shown that people with higher levels of Openness to Experience show higher levels of cognitive functioning. However, the mechanisms underlying this personality-cognition relation are not well understood. The goal of the current project was to examine whether strategy use mediates the relation between Openness to experience and retrospective memory, and whether the role of strategy use in the Openness-memory relation was the same in younger and older adults. Method: Two studies were conducted. In each of them, younger and older adults were administered a retrospective memory task (29 younger and 27 older in Study 1, 43 adults of all ages in Study 2). They were asked to report the strategies they used during the task, and to complete an Openness to Experience scale. Results: Consistent with previous reports, higher scores of Openness to experience and greater use of efficient memory strategies were associated with higher levels of memory performance. In addition, individual differences in memory strategy use mostly mediated the relation between Openness and memory performance. Results did not support a mediation model moderated by age. That is, the role of memory strategy use in the relation between Openness and memory was the same in younger and older adults. Conclusion: Higher levels of Openness are associated with better memory performance, mostly because people with higher levels of Openness use more efficient memory strategies.

Précis ofBayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to Human Reasoning

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Oaksford ◽  
Nick Chater
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Rational Animal ◽  
Bayesian Rationality

AbstractAccording to Aristotle, humans are the rational animal. The borderline between rationality and irrationality is fundamental to many aspects of human life including the law, mental health, and language interpretation. But what is it to be rational? One answer, deeply embedded in the Western intellectual tradition since ancient Greece, is that rationality concerns reasoning according to the rules of logic – the formal theory that specifies the inferential connections that hold with certainty between propositions. Piaget viewed logical reasoning as defining the end-point of cognitive development; and contemporary psychology of reasoning has focussed on comparing human reasoning against logical standards.Bayesian Rationalityargues that rationality is defined instead by the ability to reason aboutuncertainty. Although people are typically poor at numerical reasoning about probability, human thought is sensitive to subtle patterns of qualitative Bayesian, probabilistic reasoning. In Chapters 1–4 ofBayesian Rationality(Oaksford & Chater 2007), the case is made that cognition in general, and human everyday reasoning in particular, is best viewed as solving probabilistic, rather than logical, inference problems. In Chapters 5–7 the psychology of “deductive” reasoning is tackled head-on: It is argued that purportedly “logical” reasoning problems, revealing apparently irrational behaviour, are better understood from a probabilistic point of view. Data from conditional reasoning, Wason's selection task, and syllogistic inference are captured by recasting these problems probabilistically. The probabilistic approach makes a variety of novel predictions which have been experimentally confirmed. The book considers the implications of this work, and the wider “probabilistic turn” in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, for understanding human rationality.

scholarly journals Differential involvement of working memory capacity and fluid intelligence in verbal associative learning as a possible function of strategy-use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Human Memory And Learning ◽  
Associate Learning

Paired-associate tasks are popular tasks used in basic and applied research on human memory and learning. A number of studies have shown that individuals differ in the strategies they use to encode information in paired-associate tasks and, importantly, that strategies differ in their effectiveness. What is not so well documented is how different strategies may affect the cognitive processes assessed by paired-associate tasks. In this study, we submit archival data to distributional and latent class analyses to infer strategy-use and classify individuals as elaborators or non-elaborators. We then used regression analyses within subgroups to identify differences in dependence on fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. To the extent that our classification of individuals was accurate, the results suggest that paired-associate learning is more reliant on fluid intelligence when elaborative rehearsal is utilized and more reliant on working memory capacity when using non-elaborative strategies. To offer further evidence of the validity of our approach, we also investigated correlations between strategy-use and fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. In accord with prior research, we found that cognitive abilities were positively correlated with what we infer to be differences in strategy-use. That the cognitive processes assessed by verbal paired-associate tasks may vary as a function of strategy-use should be a concern for all researchers and practitioners who use such tasks.

Relating mindfulness and executive function in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M C Geronimi ◽  
Brenda Arellano ◽  
Janet Woodruff-Borden
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Executive

Despite the important role of cognitions in mindful awareness, research on the cognitive processes underlying mindfulness in young populations is scarce. This study explores the association between the core executive functions (i.e. inhibition, working memory, and shifting) and mindfulness within the same model in a sample of children. Seventy-two parent–child dyads participated in the study. Difficulties with executive functioning and child mindfulness level were assessed. Inhibition, working memory, and shifting were significantly correlated with mindfulness. Furthermore, moderate to good fit was found in a model testing the association between mindfulness and the latent executive function variable composed by the three executive functions, and individual executive functions demonstrated significant loadings in relation to the latent variable. In a model relating mindfulness to each individual executive function, mindfulness was uniquely associated with inhibition, working memory, and shifting. The application of current theoretical models of mindfulness to child populations and clinical implications are discussed.

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