scholarly journals Urban Growth and the Taxation of Agricultural Land in the Northeast

1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Donald J. Epp
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
The Public ◽  
Considerable Concern

The rapid population growth of the United States and the well documented concentration of that population into a few major metropolitan areas has caused significant amounts of land to shift from agricultural to urban uses. Since World War II, the shifts in land use have caused considerable concern in the Northeast, particularly in those states containing parts of the BosWash megolopolis. Concern over the loss of open space land and the rapid decline in agricultural firms led several state legislatures to consider methods of halting, or at least controlling, the spread of cities into the rural hinterland. Maryland was the first state to pass legislation to protect open space and agriculture, enacting its law in 1955. Connecticut followed with its law in 1963 and New Jersey in 1964. All of these legislative acts declare that it is in the public interest to preserve open space lands, including farms and forests. The wording may vary from state to state but the intent is clear. These legislatures were trying to hold land in open space uses, or at least to avoid forcing their conversion because of high taxes.

The Creation of the G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944: Melding Social and Participatory Citizenship Ideals

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Mettler
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Graduate Degree ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Participatory Citizenship ◽  
Public Consciousness

The G.I. Bill of Rights, formally known as the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, remains in the public consciousness as one of the most significant social policies ever enacted in the United States. Established for returning veterans of World War II, its terms of coverage were strikingly broad and generous. Fifty-one percent of veterans used the educational provisions: 2.2 million pursued a college education or graduate degree, and 5.6 million attained vocational or on-the-job training. The law also offered extensive unemployment benefits, which were used to the full by 14 percent of veterans. It also offered low-interest loans for the purchase of homes, farms, and businesses, which were used by 29 percent of veterans.

Guardian Angels

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-292
Author(s):  
Dominic D. P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effective Strategies

This chapter presents a summary of the findings and explores the implications of the new evolutionary perspective on cognitive biases for international relations. It concludes that the cognitive biases are adaptive in a way that strategic instincts help individuals, state leaders, and nations achieve their goals. It also reviews effective strategies that often differ radically from those predicted by conventional paradigms, such as the rational choice theory. The chapter offers novel interpretations of historical events, especially the American Revolution, the British appeasement of Hitler in the 1930s, and the United States' Pacific campaign in World War II. It examines counterintuitive strategies for leaders and policymakers to exploit strategic instincts among themselves, the public, and other states.

Community Services: Contrasts Between Resident and Nonresident Landowners in the Adirondack Region of New York

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Robert G. Craig ◽  
Harry P. Mapp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Services ◽  
World War ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Public

“There is more than enough evidence to show that the states and localities, far from being weak sisters, have actually been carrying the brunt of domestic governmental progress in the United States ever since the end of World War II … Moreover, they have been largely responsible for undertaking the truly revolutionary change in the role of government in the United States that has occurred over the past decade.”–Daniel J. Elazar, The Public Interest

Sylvia Townsend Warner's Letters to Genevieve Taggard

PMLA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Sylvia Townsend Warner ◽  
Laurel Harris
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Library ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Front ◽  
World War ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
The Public ◽  
New York Public Library ◽  
Sylvia Townsend Warner

In september 1941, shortly before the united states entered world war ii, the british writer sylvia townsend warner wrote a note to the American poet Genevieve Taggard, thanking her for sending a poem. An epistolary relationship developed between the two writers, though Taggard also sent material gifts of spices, tea, rice, and seeds to alleviate the deprivations that Warner and her partner, Valentine Ackland, faced in war-battered England. Eighteen letters, all from Warner to Taggard, remain of this correspondence, which ended with Taggard's death in 1948. They are housed in Taggard's papers at the Manuscripts and Archives Division of the New York Public Library. Although Taggard's letters to Warner have been lost, Warner's letters to Taggard reveal a literary friendship that is at once partisan and poetic. These private letters, like the public “Letter from London” columns by Warner's fellow New Yorker contributor Mollie Panter-Downes, vividly portray the English home front to an American audience.

Beyond Bizarre: Nature, Culture and the Spectacular Failure of B.F. Skinner’s Pigeon-Guided Missiles

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Justyna Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
War Machine ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Military ◽  
Type Of Behavior

The article uses posthumanism and animal studies as a framework for making sense of B.F. Skinner’s wartime project of training pigeons to guide missiles, with emphasis on explaining the negative response of the donors and the public. The article first considers the hypothesis that the donors’ incredulity was evoked by the species of the animal. During World War II the United States began a massive program for the training of dogs for the military, and the campaign received unanimously positive publicity in the media. Possibly, thus, dogs were perceived as capable of bravery and sacrifice while pigeons were not. However, messenger pigeons had been traditionally incorporated into the war machine and were perceived as heroic. Thus, the analysis moves on to suggest that the perception of the project as ridiculous was related to the type of behavior performed by the animals: a behavior perceived as trained (artificially acquired) and not instinctive. The analysis then shifts into how the distinction between what is perceived as instinctive (natural) and learned (artificial) behavior influences the reception of different performances involving animals. Performances built around “natural” behaviors generate much stronger positive responses, even if the naturalness of these behaviors is a carefully crafted effect.

Aqueous Alteration of Nuclear Waste Glasses and Metal Package Components

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Wicks ◽  
Alexander R. Lodding ◽  
Martin A. Molecke
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
World War ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Isolation System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
High Level

The United States is at an important crossroads in its management of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). It is presently in the process of changing over from a strategy that was developed during World War II, which involves storing HLW in a relatively mobile liquid form, to a strategy of the 1990s, which involves removing and isolating potentially harmful radionuclides and immobilizing them into solid and inert forms, more specifically, borosilicate glass. The resulting waste glass products will then be permanently disposed of by deep burial, within stable geologic formations, where they become one element of a multibarrier waste-isolation system. This barrier system is designed to retain radionuclides so they can be permanently isolated from the public and from the accessible environment. Important contributing factors to the success of this strategy include the excellent stability and technical performance of waste glass forms and the ability of the glass, as well as waste package materials, to retain radionuclides even when exposed to potential leachants within a repository environment.

How the State and Labor Saved Charitable Fundraising: Community Chests, Payroll Deduction, and the Public–Private Welfare State, 1920–1950

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Morris
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Voluntary Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public

Payroll taxes and payroll deductions became ubiquitous in the United States by the mid-1940s, crucial to the financing of the emerging “mixed” welfare state as well as World War II. While scholars have firmly established the importance of elements of the warfare/welfare state such as Social Security, employer-based pensions and health insurance, and the mass income tax, voluntary sector institutions have garnered less attention. The history of payroll deduction demonstrates how this “infrastructural power” also advantaged institutions outside of the state, notably, charitable fundraising organizations commonly known as Community Chests (the forerunners of the United Way). Chests began to look toward the payroll deduction in the 1920s as an efficient and effective way of extracting donations from workers of modest means—though these were often fiercely resisted by an empowered labor movement in the 1930s. But it took the state's vast expansion of deductions during World War II, and the patriotic impulse of donating to war-related charities, to convince industrial unions and employers to support this method of donation. Like the income tax, this change in charitable giving remained in place after the war and became a vital element of financing this part of the public–private social safety net—a crucial boost to the voluntary sector from the state.

Gendering the Memories of War and Holocaust in Europe and the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 610-632
Author(s):  
Frank Biess
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Holocaust Memory ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
National Reconstruction ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second Wave

Based on a theoretical discussion of how and why memories are “gendered,” this chapter demonstrates the centrality of gender for changing memories of war and genocide in Europe and North America after 1945. Notwithstanding women’s extensive participation in World War II, patriotic memories centered on the predominantly male figures of the “victor,” the “martyr,” and the “victim.” Linking national reconstruction with the restoration of a hierarchical gender order, these narratives marginalized or erased women’s experiences. The ascendancy of Holocaust memory in the West fundamentally challenged this commemorative regime and elevated the figure of the “survivor.” Second-wave feminism not only rendered visible women’s role in World War II; it also promoted the gendering of Holocaust memory. The end of the Cold War enabled the public proliferation of previously private memories with significant gendered implications.

England

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-90
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Rudel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Green Belts

Amidst a worldwide globalization of markets in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, England became dependent on overseas sources for grains and for timber. These trends gradually reduced English agriculture to providing dairy products. During the interwar years, English farming declined still further when real estate developers, with the stimulus provided by the spread of automobiles, began to convert fields alongside roads into lots for new homes. The shock of World War II and the German submarine campaign to starve the British into submission focused the public and policymakers’ attention on food security. To assure their access to food in the event of another war, the English established green belts reserved for agricultural land uses around major English cities during the 1950s and 1960s. These regulations made cities more compact and reduced energy consumption among urban residents.

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