VI. Bengali Perceptions of the Raj in the Nineteenth Century

Itinerario ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Tapan Raychaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
New Class ◽  
The North ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
North Western

The Western educated Bengali intelligentsia was the first group of Indians to collaborate closely with the colonial regime in the governance of the country. As middle-ranking to minor functionaries they were to be found in all parts of the British territories from Burma to the North-western Frontier and as far south as the southernmost tip of the Madras Presidency. No other linguistic cultural group in the subcontinent was ever so extensively involved in the functioning of the Raj – Bengali professionals, doctors, teachers, journalists, lawyers and the like, also followed the flag to all parts of the Indian empire and later beyond its limits and were thus among the direct beneficiaries of Pax Britannica. The economic basis of their livelihood was a direct or indirect product of the colonial state. This was even more true of the new class of landed proprietors with their rights guaranteed by the Permanent Settlement. And then there were those who had collaborated with the Company and its servants in their commercial ventures and, in the process, founded some of the great fortunes of nineteenth-century Calcutta. As is well-known, these varied social groups were not mutually exclusive. Besides, their direct or indirect dependence on the colonial order created a basis for cohesion and a shared social ideology. For a long time that ideology was marked by an almost unqualified gratitude and admiration for the British empire and its creators

IRELAND, COLONIAL SCIENCE, AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA, c. 1820–1870

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARRY CROSBIE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Irish People ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Global Exchange ◽  
Geological Research ◽  
Colonial Science

ABSTRACTThis article examines the role that Ireland and Irish people played in the geographical construction of British colonial rule in India during the nineteenth century. It argues that as an important sub-imperial centre, Ireland not only supplied the empire with key personnel, but also functioned as an important reference point for scientific practice, new legislation, and systems of government. Occupying integral roles within the information systems of the colonial state, Irish people provided much of the intellectual capital around which British rule in India was constructed. These individuals were part of nineteenth-century Irish professional personnel networks that viewed the empire as a legitimate sphere for work and as an arena in which they could prosper. Through involvement and deployment of expertise in areas such as surveying and geological research in India, Irishmen and Irish institutions were able to act decisively in the development of colonial knowledge. The relationships mapped in this article centre the Irish within the imperial web of connections and global exchange of ideas, technologies, and practices during the long nineteenth century, thereby making a contribution towards uncovering Ireland's multi-directional involvement in the British empire and reassessing the challenges that this presents to existing British, Irish, and imperial historiography.

scholarly journals Empire on their Backs: Coolies in the Eastern Borderlands of the British Raj

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (S22) ◽  
pp. 89-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lipokmar Dzüvichü
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
British Raj ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The Hill

AbstractIn the nineteenth century, colonial officials relied heavily on coercion to recruit “coolie” labour for “public works” and to provide various support services in the North-East Frontier of British India. “Treaties” with defeated chiefs and the subsequent population enumeration and taxation were strongly oriented to the mobilization of labour for road building and porterage. Forced labour provided the colonial officials with a steady supply of coolies to work on the roads as well as carriers for military expeditions. In mobilizing labour resources, however, colonial officials had to create and draw upon native agents such as the headmen and interpreters who came to play a crucial role in the colonial order of things. Focusing on the Naga Hills, this article will examine the efforts of the colonial state to secure a large circulating labour force, the forms of labour relations that emerged from the need to build colonial infrastructure and the demand for coolies in military expeditions, the response of the hill people to labour conscription and its impact on the hill “tribes”.

scholarly journals The Mammals of Suffolk

Oryx ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 266-270
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
The North ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
Forestry Commission ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Coniferous Plantations ◽  
North Western

Suffolk is probably better known for its famous domestic “trinity of breeds”, the Suffolk Horse, the Red Poll Cow and the Suffolk Sheep, than for its wild mammals, though some of these last are interesting as being apparently at the extreme end of their geographical range. Everywhere it is one of the most highly keepered and over most of its area one of the most highly cultivated of all English counties, though there is a considerable acreage of light sandy heaths along the east coast and in the Breckland on the north western border, heaths now largely covered by the coniferous plantations of the Forestry Commission. Even on the better land there is a fairly considerable acreage of mixed deciduous woodland in private ownership, most of it planted during the first half of the nineteenth century as pheasant coverts.

scholarly journals Vladimir Strekopytov. The Rebel Commander

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-391
Author(s):  
N. N. Zhuravlev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
The North ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North Western

The article explores of the life and work of one participant in the White movement, Vladimir Strekopytov. Born in Tula and a staff captain in World War I, in March 1919 Strekopytov led the anti-Bolshevik uprising of the Red Army in Gomel. For a long time, the events of the Gomel anti-Bolshevik uprising, known as the “Strekopytovsky rebellion”, remained a little-known and unexplored event of the Civil War. Despite the fact that, in the first years of Soviet power, a number of publications based on recollections of participants in those dramatic events had come out, many facts related to the uprising remained outside the scope of study. The scantiest information has been preserved about the leader of the insurgents: the name by which the uprising entered historiography, and the mention that he was a former officer. The real name of the leader of the Gomel uprising became known thanks to researchers from Estonia, who opened an investigation into participants of the Gomel uprising at the end of the last century. In the history of Russian Civil War, the Tula detachment that he led made an unprecedented defection from the Red Army to the White Army. He made his way from Gomel, through Ukraine, Poland, and the Baltic states and joined the North-Western Army under General Yudenitch. After the disbandment of the North-Western Army in February 1920, he headed the Tula workers’ artel in Estonia, in which he gathered former members of his detachment. Vladimir Strekopytov lived in exile in Estonia and was engaged in social activities. After the unification of Estonia with the USSR, he was arrested by the NKVD in 1940 and executed in April 1941.

The Itsekiri in the nineteenth century; an outline social history

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western

In 1800 the Itsekiri kingdom of Warri in the north-western corner of the Niger delta had a highly centralized government. In 1848, the king died, followed shortly by his two principal heirs, and a state of anarchy developed in which order was maintained largely through the balance held between the two largest descent groups or ‘Houses’. The latter part of the century saw the rise, and defeat by the British of Nana Olomu, possibly the greatest of the delta traders, whose power over the Itsekiri derived from his trading monopoly. One cannot divorce these striking changes in Itsekiri social and political structure from the trade in slaves and later in palm oil, for the Itsekiri were by profession the middlemen between the interior peoples—the Urhobo and Isoko and to some extent the Benin—and the European traders.

The Indian Press 1870–1880: A Small World of Journalism

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uma Das Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Small World ◽  
British Government ◽  
The South ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The North ◽  
Supreme Council ◽  
The Government ◽  
North Western

A Unianimous decision of the Viceroy's Council was taken on 14 March 1878 to establish a check over the vernacular press in India. This was Act IX of 1878, an act for ‘the better control of publications in Oriental languages’. It was to control ‘seditious writing’ in the vernacular newspapers everywhere in the country, except the south. Too much was being written in these newspapers of the ‘injustice and tyranny’ of the British government, ‘its utter want of consideration towards its native subjects, and the insolence and pride of Englishmen in India’.One hundred and fifty-nine extracts from vernacular newspapers of the North-Western Provinces, Punjab, Bengal and Bombay were produced before the Supreme Council as evidence of existing sedition. Surprised at its own importance, the vernacular press staggered into the eighties of the nineteenth century. The crucial demand for ajudicial trial in case of an accusation of sedition against an editor was never conceded by the government, although in October 1878 the act was modified in minor respects. The important thing was that the government from an almost complete unawareness had come to be so preoccupied with the vernacular press. What was the nature of the vernacular press in India in the 1870s and how wide was its range?

‘Devote the best years of their lives’: British Solutions to Natal's Defence Concerns in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-27
Author(s):  
Jacob Ivey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Multiple Solutions ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
European Public ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of

The annexation and establishment of Natal as a British colony by 1845 was an event defined by conflict and concerns for security in British Southern Africa. The threat of invasion from the nearby Zulu kingdom or the possibility of an indigenous uprising continued to cast a shadow over the growth and expansion of the colony during the following decades. In response, those living within the colony offered multiple solutions, both actual and theoretical, related to the protection and stability of this emerging colonial state, including white volunteer corps, mounted police, and even indigenous levies. This paper examines the debate that defined these proposed solutions from 1845 to the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879. Whether from within the colony itself or from other regions of the British Empire, the suggested solutions and the debate over security were illustrative of the concern about external and internal threats that permeated the European public consciousness of British Natal. Some residents of the colony offered their own military expertise (or lack thereof); others looked to the Afrikaner population as a model for control; and a small number, who did not even reside in the colony, expressed their readiness to ‘devote the best years of their lives’ to the security of the colony. Such willingness, along with the other solutions to the issue of colonial security in British Natal, sheds considerable light on the emergence of imperial power in nineteenth-century Southern Africa, and constitutes a valuable addition to the history of Natal, settler colonies more generally and the British Empire at large.

scholarly journals XIII. On the height of the Aurora borealis above the surface of the earth; particularly one seen on the 29th of March, 1826

1828 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Magnetic Meridian ◽  
North Western

Apprethending that the Royal Society will favourably receive accounts that have a direct tendency to determine the height of that interesting phenomenon, the Aurora borealis, I have been induced to transmit some observations that were made upon a very remarkable one, which appeared in the evening of the 29th of March, 1826. From some recent observations, an opinion seems to be entertained by some writers, that the aurora is not so high as has generally been estimated; but it is only from facts and observations such as the following, I conceive, that any near approximation to the true height can be obtained. The aurora borealis above mentioned, was of a kind very rarely occurring. It assumed the appearance of a rainbow-like arch, stretching across the midheaven, at right angles to the magnetic meridian. It was subject to very little change of position for an hour or more, and therefore afforded time to observe the angle of its elevation above the horizon. In the period of five years observations at Kendal formerly, above one hundred appearances of the aurora occurred to me, and only one of the kind just described. I had not an opportunity of seeing the one which is the subject of this paper, but it was seen here (at Manchester) by a friend of mine about 9 o’clock on his returning home from a visit to me. He did not indeed observe the luminous arch, either from its having vanished, or from the obscurity of our atmosphere; but he remarked some beams or corruscations in the north-western hemisphere, of a low altitude; and not having seen an aurora for a long time, he induced the family at home to go out and catch a glimpse of the phænomenon, now much more rarely seen than formerly.

Firearms, Horses and Samorian army Organization 1870–1898

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Legassick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The North ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
North Western ◽  
Army Organization

The army of Samori Ture in 1887 was recruited from four sources: the regular army of sofa (infantrymen with firearms), the conscripted reserve of kurustigi, detachments sent by chiefs under Samori's protection, and a cavalry force consisting in part, perhaps, of volunteers. The emphasis on infantry rather than cavalry differentiated it from the armies of other nineteenth-century Islamic reformers.Among the factors which influenced the structure and tactics of the army, as well as the diplomatic and military strategy of the Samorian state, were the supply of firearms and horses. Initially the Samorian army was armed with muskets from the coast, primarily Freetown, and horses from the north-western part of the Sudan. From mid-1891 to mid-1892 the muskets were replaced with breechloaders and repeaters obtained by direct negotiation between Samori and Freetown traders, and during this period or before it an indigenous firearms industry was established. After this, the French advance cut Samori off, partially at least, from his sources of supply; from 1893–98 the search for new supply areas was a major preoccupation of the Samorian regime. Arms came from the Ivory Coast and the Gold Coast, and horses from the Mossi states. Here, as formerly in the west, Samori was able to use existing trade routes.

scholarly journals Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 155-157
Author(s):  
Hujayorova Sadokat
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article describes the period of the invasion of the Russian Empire, one of the darkest and most dangerous periods in the history of Turkestan, and the historiography of its governing regimes, methods of administration and state institutions and their activities. By the nineteenth century, the khanates, weakened by civil war, could not withstand the onslaught of the Russian Empire. This was because they were hostile to each other. After the Russian Empire conquered Turkestan, it established its own colonial order. The goal was to keep Turkestan under its chains for a long time and to suppress the feelings of national liberation. To this end, he introduced his own administrative style, including the governor's office, which was the main governing body. This small research paper describes the policy of the Russian Empire towards these goals and its coverage in historiography.

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