Status of “AGK4” Project

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 527-533
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spectral Bandpass

The present accuracy limit for the majority of fainter stars on the northern hemisphere is set by the AGK2/3-catalogue, recently completely finished, but it should be noted that its epoch is much earlier (1960). Furtheron the AGK3-catalogue is a direct repetition of the AGK2, the plates have been taken with the same astrograph in a broad blue spectral bandpass and measured visually with the same equipment, therefore virtually an instrumental standard of 1930 is realized again. Figure 1 shows the mean errors of the AGK2/3 catalogue positions as a function of magnitude. The best accuracy for the AGK2/3 data is obtained for the stars of about ninth magnitude: 017 (AGK2) and 020 (AGK3) but decreases for the faint stars with mpg11 to 019 (AGK2) and Pg 027 (AGK3). Here the AGK3 data are even less accurate. With increasing distance to the catalogue epochs, the accuracy of positions decreases due to the proper motion errors. In the upper part of figure 2 the dependence of the AGK2/3 catalogue accuracy on time is shown for the faint stars separately and an averaged value.

scholarly journals The influence of solar wind on extratropical cyclones – Part 1: Wilcox effect revisited

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Prikryl ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Sector Boundary ◽  
Speed Solar Wind ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Speed Solar Wind

Abstract. A sun-weather correlation, namely the link between solar magnetic sector boundary passage (SBP) by the Earth and upper-level tropospheric vorticity area index (VAI), that was found by Wilcox et al. (1974) and shown to be statistically significant by Hines and Halevy (1977) is revisited. A minimum in the VAI one day after SBP followed by an increase a few days later was observed. Using the ECMWF ERA-40 re-analysis dataset for the original period from 1963 to 1973 and extending it to 2002, we have verified what has become known as the "Wilcox effect" for the Northern as well as the Southern Hemisphere winters. The effect persists through years of high and low volcanic aerosol loading except for the Northern Hemisphere at 500 mb, when the VAI minimum is weak during the low aerosol years after 1973, particularly for sector boundaries associated with south-to-north reversals of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ component. The "disappearance" of the Wilcox effect was found previously by Tinsley et al. (1994) who suggested that enhanced stratospheric volcanic aerosols and changes in air-earth current density are necessary conditions for the effect. The present results indicate that the Wilcox effect does not require high aerosol loading to be detected. The results are corroborated by a correlation with coronal holes where the fast solar wind originates. Ground-based measurements of the green coronal emission line (Fe XIV, 530.3 nm) are used in the superposed epoch analysis keyed by the times of sector boundary passage to show a one-to-one correspondence between the mean VAI variations and coronal holes. The VAI is modulated by high-speed solar wind streams with a delay of 1–2 days. The Fourier spectra of VAI time series show peaks at periods similar to those found in the solar corona and solar wind time series. In the modulation of VAI by solar wind the IMF BZ seems to control the phase of the Wilcox effect and the depth of the VAI minimum. The mean VAI response to SBP associated with the north-to-south reversal of BZ is leading by up to 2 days the mean VAI response to SBP associated with the south-to-north reversal of BZ. For the latter, less geoeffective events, the VAI minimum deepens (with the above exception of the Northern Hemisphere low-aerosol 500-mb VAI) and the VAI maximum is delayed. The phase shift between the mean VAI responses obtained for these two subsets of SBP events may explain the reduced amplitude of the overall Wilcox effect. In a companion paper, Prikryl et al. (2009) propose a new mechanism to explain the Wilcox effect, namely that solar-wind-generated auroral atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) influence the growth of extratropical cyclones. It is also observed that severe extratropical storms, explosive cyclogenesis and significant sea level pressure deepenings of extratropical storms tend to occur within a few days of the arrival of high-speed solar wind. These observations are discussed in the context of the proposed AGW mechanism as well as the previously suggested atmospheric electrical current (AEC) model (Tinsley et al., 1994), which requires the presence of stratospheric aerosols for a significant (Wilcox) effect.

scholarly journals Diurnal Range of the Barometer in Fine and in Cloudy Weather

1902 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 447-463
Author(s):  
Alex. Buchan ◽  
R. T. Omond
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations

This investigation was undertaken with the view of ascertaining how the mean hourly values of the barometer differed on days in which radiation, solar and terrestrial was great from days in which it was interfered with by clouds. A preliminary examination of the barometric readings at the Ben Nevis and Fort-William Observatories showed that there was a well marked difference between the diurnal fluctuations in these two kinds of weather; and the investigation was thereafter extended to several other places in the northern hemisphere. The materials for this work are only available from comparatively few places, it being necessary to have before us the hourly readings of the barometer for every day, and also an hourly record either of sunshine or of cloud. These two separate data have not been published for any place in the British Islands except Ben Nevis and Fort-William.

scholarly journals STUDY OF AN INTERMEDIATE AGE OPEN CLUSTER IC 1434 USING GROUND-BASED IMAGING AND GAIA DR2 ASTROMETRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-389
Author(s):  
Y. H. M. Hendy ◽  
D. Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Radial Distribution ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Open Cluster ◽  
Membership Probability ◽  
Kinematical Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
Cluster Age ◽  
Gaia Dr2

We present a detailed photometric and kinematical analysis of the poorly studied open cluster IC 1434 using CCD VRI, APASS, and Gaia DR2 database for the first time. By determining the membership probability of stars we identify the 238 most probable members with a probability higher than 60%; by using proper motion and parallax data as taken from the Gaia DR2 catalog. The mean proper motion of the cluster is obtained as μx=−3.89±0.19 and μy=−3.34±0.19 mas yr−1 in both the directions of right ascension and declination. The radial distribution of member stars provides the cluster extent as 7.6 arcmin. We estimate the interstellar reddening E(B−V) as 0.34 mag using the transformation equations from the literature. We obtain the values of cluster age and distance as 631±73 Myr and 3.2±0.1 kpc.

scholarly journals SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–55,000 Years cal BP

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G Hogg ◽  
Timothy J Heaton ◽  
Quan Hua ◽  
Jonathan G Palmer ◽  
Chris SM Turney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Errors In Variables ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Statistical Approaches

ABSTRACTEarly researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate radiocarbon calibration curve for the South. We present here SHCal20, a revised calibration curve from 0–55,000 cal BP, based upon SHCal13 and fortified by the addition of 14 new tree-ring data sets in the 2140–0, 3520–3453, 3608–3590 and 13,140–11,375 cal BP time intervals. We detail the statistical approaches used for curve construction and present recommendations for the use of the Northern Hemisphere curve (IntCal20), the Southern Hemisphere curve (SHCal20) and suggest where application of an equal mixture of the curves might be more appropriate. Using our Bayesian spline with errors-in-variables methodology, and based upon a comparison of Southern Hemisphere tree-ring data compared with contemporaneous Northern Hemisphere data, we estimate the mean Southern Hemisphere offset to be 36 ± 27 14C yrs older.

scholarly journals The Absolute Proper Motion of the Pleiades Cluster

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 103-104
Author(s):  
W. F. van Altena ◽  
B. F. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Reference System ◽  
The Absolute

The establishment of a truly inertial reference system is a problem that has defied solution for many years. However, with the completion of the Lick proper motion survey (Wright 1950) and the USSR program (Deutsch 1954) the situation for the northern hemisphere should be satisfactory.

scholarly journals Assessing Snow Albedo Feedback in Simulated Climate Change

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2617-2630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Qu ◽  
Alex Hall
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Attenuation Effect ◽  
Albedo Feedback ◽  
Snow Albedo ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Planetary Albedo

Abstract In this paper, the two factors controlling Northern Hemisphere springtime snow albedo feedback in transient climate change are isolated and quantified based on scenario runs of 17 climate models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. The first factor is the dependence of planetary albedo on surface albedo, representing the atmosphere's attenuation effect on surface albedo anomalies. It is potentially a major source of divergence in simulations of snow albedo feedback because of large differences in simulated cloud fields in Northern Hemisphere land areas. To calculate the dependence, an analytical model governing planetary albedo was developed. Detailed validations of the analytical model for two of the simulations are shown, version 3 of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global coupled Climate Model 2.0 (CM2.0), demonstrating that it facilitates a highly accurate calculation of the dependence of planetary albedo on surface albedo given readily available simulation output. In all simulations it is found that surface albedo anomalies are attenuated by approximately half in Northern Hemisphere land areas as they are transformed into planetary albedo anomalies. The intermodel standard deviation in the dependence of planetary albedo on surface albedo is surprisingly small, less than 10% of the mean. Moreover, when an observational estimate of this factor is calculated by applying the same method to the satellite-based International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data, it is found that most simulations agree with ISCCP values to within about 10%, despite further disagreements between observed and simulated cloud fields. This suggests that even large relative errors in simulated cloud fields do not result in significant error in this factor, enhancing confidence in climate models. The second factor, related exclusively to surface processes, is the change in surface albedo associated with an anthropogenically induced temperature change in Northern Hemisphere land areas. It exhibits much more intermodel variability. The standard deviation is about ⅓ of the mean, with the largest value being approximately 3 times larger than the smallest. Therefore this factor is unquestionably the main source of the large divergence in simulations of snow albedo feedback. To reduce the divergence, attention should be focused on differing parameterizations of snow processes, rather than intermodel variations in the attenuation effect of the atmosphere on surface albedo anomalies.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Variability in the Community Earth System Model: Evaluation and Transient Dynamics during the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4447-4475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen Keppel-Aleks ◽  
James T. Randerson ◽  
Keith Lindsay ◽  
Britton B. Stephens ◽  
J. Keith Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
First Century ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
System Model ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Community Earth System Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract Changes in atmospheric CO2 variability during the twenty-first century may provide insight about ecosystem responses to climate change and have implications for the design of carbon monitoring programs. This paper describes changes in the three-dimensional structure of atmospheric CO2 for several representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) using the Community Earth System Model–Biogeochemistry (CESM1-BGC). CO2 simulated for the historical period was first compared to surface, aircraft, and column observations. In a second step, the evolution of spatial and temporal gradients during the twenty-first century was examined. The mean annual cycle in atmospheric CO2 was underestimated for the historical period throughout the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that the growing season net flux in the Community Land Model (the land component of CESM) was too weak. Consistent with weak summer drawdown in Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, simulated CO2 showed correspondingly weak north–south and vertical gradients during the summer. In the simulations of the twenty-first century, CESM predicted increases in the mean annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 and larger horizontal gradients. Not only did the mean north–south gradient increase due to fossil fuel emissions, but east–west contrasts in CO2 also strengthened because of changing patterns in fossil fuel emissions and terrestrial carbon exchange. In the RCP8.5 simulation, where CO2 increased to 1150 ppm by 2100, the CESM predicted increases in interannual variability in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes of up to 60% relative to present variability for time series filtered with a 2–10-yr bandpass. Such an increase in variability may impact detection of changing surface fluxes from atmospheric observations.

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