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2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Pauline Verdurme ◽  
Simon Carn ◽  
Andrew J. L. Harris ◽  
Diego Coppola ◽  
Andrea Di Muro ◽  
...  

Five effusive eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion) are analyzed to investigate temporal trends of erupted mass and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Daily SO2 emissions are acquired from three ultraviolet (UV) satellite instruments (the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)) and an array of ground-based UV spectrometers (Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC)). Time-averaged lava discharge rates (TADRs) are obtained from two automatic satellite-based hot spot detection systems: MIROVA and MODVOLC. Assuming that the lava volumes measured in the field are accurate, the MIROVA system gave the best estimation of erupted volume among the methods investigated. We use a reverse petrological method to constrain pre-eruptive magmatic sulfur contents based on observed SO2 emissions and lava volumes. We also show that a direct petrological approach using SO2 data might be a viable alternative for TADR estimation during cloudy weather that compromises hot spot detection. In several eruptions we observed a terminal increase in TADR and SO2 emissions after initial emission of evolved degassed magma. We ascribe this to input of deeper, volatile-rich magma into the plumbing system towards the end of these eruptions. Furthermore, we find no evidence of volatile excess in the five eruptions studied, which were thus mostly fed by shallow degassed magma.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8129
Author(s):  
Sajjad Mahmoudinezhad ◽  
Petru Adrian Cotfas ◽  
Daniel Tudor Cotfas ◽  
Enok Johannes Haahr Skjølstrup ◽  
Kjeld Pedersen ◽  
...  

In the current study, the electrical responses of a thermoelectric (TE) module and a photovoltaic (PV) cell are investigated in three different systems, namely, a PV-only system, TE-only system, and hybrid TE-PV system with a beam splitter (TE-PV-BS), under variable solar irradiations demonstrating partly cloudy weather conditions. To enhance the deployment of solar energy, a predesigned beam splitter combined with the amorphous silicon TE and PV system is used in the experiments. The impact of the spectral beam splitting technology on the conversion performance of the TE module and PV cell in the hybrid system is studied and compared to the performance of the TE-only and PV-only systems. The electrical output parameters of the TE module and PV cell are obtained for the studied systems, and they are discussed in detail. The results of this work show that the power generated by the PV cell has a stepwise fluctuation similar to the variation in the concentrated solar radiation. Affected by its heat capacity, the power variation is monotonous with the TE module. The results moreover indicate that there is more power generated by the PV cell in the TE-PV-BS hybrid system than by the PV-only system. In comparison, the TE-only system produces more power than the TE module in the hybrid system. Furthermore, the TE-PV-BS hybrid system generates higher and more stable electrical power than the TE-only and PV-only systems, showing a significant advantage of the spectrum management concept.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781402110672
Author(s):  
Fei Ye ◽  
Wen Cheng ◽  
Changshuai Wang ◽  
Haoxue Liu ◽  
Jiping Bai

The present study utilized a random parameter logit (RPL) model to explore the nonlinear relationship between explanatory variables and the likelihood of expressway crash severity. The potential unobserved heterogeneity of data brought by China’s road traffic characteristics was fully considered. A total of 1154 crashes happened on Hang-Jin-Qu Expressway from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. In addition to the conventional impact factors considered in the past, variables related to road geometry were also introduced, which contributed to expressway accidents significantly. The overall stability of the model estimation was examined by likelihood ratio test. Then, the average elastic coefficient of the significant factors at each severity level was also calculated. Several factors that significantly increase the fatal crash probability were highlighted: rainy/snowy/cloudy weather condition, low visibility (100– m), night without light, wet-skid road surface, being female, aged 41+ years, collision with a rigid barrier and some other obstacles, radius and length of horizontal curve, and longitudinal gradient. The parameters of four factors were random and obeyed normal distribution: night without light, being female, driving experience with 10 + years and with large vehicle responsible. These findings provide insights for better understanding of expressway crash severity. Some countermeasures were proposed about driver education, traffic law enforcement, vehicle and road design, environmental improvement, and so on.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12208
Author(s):  
Shabib Shahid ◽  
Saifullah Shafiq ◽  
Bilal Khan ◽  
Ali T. Al-Awami ◽  
Muhammad Omair Butt

Due to the recent advancements in the manufacturing process of solar photovoltaics (PVs) and electronic converters, solar PVs has emerged as a viable investment option for energy trading. However, distribution system with large-scale integration of rooftop PVs, would be subjected to voltage upper limit violations, unless properly controlled. Most of the traditional solutions introduced to address this problem do not ensure fairness amongst the on-line energy sources. In addition, other schemes assume the presence of communication linkages between these energy sources. This paper proposes a control scheme to mitigate the over-voltages in the distribution system without any communication between the distributed energy sources. The proposed approach is based on artificial neural networks that can utilize two locally obtainable inputs, namely, the nodal voltage and node voltage sensitivity and control the PV power. The controller is trained using extensive data generated for various loading conditions to include daily load variations. The control scheme was implemented and tested on a 12.47 kV feeder with 85 households connected on the 220 V distribution system. The results demonstrate the fair control of all the rooftop solar PVs mounted on various houses to ensure the system voltage are maintained within the allowed limits as defined by the ANSI C84.1-2016 standard. Furthermore, to verify the robustness of the proposed PV controller, it is tested during cloudy weather condition and the impact of integration of electric vehicles on the proposed controller is also analyzed. The results prove the efficacy of the proposed controller.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1192 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
P Wullandari ◽  
B B Sedayu

Abstract Research on performance test of a solar-powered ice maker machine has been conducted in Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study aimed to observe the correlation between intensity of sunlight to the power battery capacity rates generated from solar panels in regard with the performance of ice maker machine. The testing was conducted during various weather conditions i.e. sunny, cloudy and light rain. The type of ice maker observed was a flake ice maker machine with specifications of the production capacity of 105 - 120 kgs/day, producing flake ice with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 3 mm3. The energy of the machine was generated by nine solar panels with maximum power of 200 Wp (watt peak) per panel. A set of three panels was arranged in series, it was then coupled to other sets in parallel. The results showed that the power battery capacity was in corresponded to the sunlight intensity during sunny weather with the correlation: y = 0.009x - 26.08, while during cloudy dan raining conditions, the power capacity rates of the battery showed a declining with the correlation: y = 0.008x - 23.92 and y = 0.007x + 69.41, respectively. The ice production capacity during sunny, cloudy and light rainy weathers were 4.34 kg ice/hour; 4.63 kg ice / hour and 4.17 kg ice / hour respectively. Input power from solar panels depends on the intensity of sunlight. The ice produced by ice makers in cloudy weather conditions is much greater than the ice produced during sunny or rainy weather conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-643
Author(s):  
R. M. O. Santos ◽  
E. F. Saraiva ◽  
R. R. Santos

In the last years, the agricultural systems based on Crop-Livestock-Forestry integrationhave emerged as a potential solution due to its capacity to maximize land use and reduces the effects of high temperatures on the animals. Within these systems, there exist an interest in technological solutions capable of monitor the animals in real-time. From this monitoring, one of the main interest is to know if an animal is in the sun or in the shade of a tree by using some environmental measures. However, as there is a possibility that the weather is cloudy, real-time monitoring also needs to identify this case. That is, the realtime monitoring also needs to differentiate the shade of a tree from a cloudy weather. The interest in this kind of monitoring is due to the fact that an animal that remains a long time under a shade of a tree provides substantial insights to indicate if this is in thermal stress. This information can be used in decision-making with the goal to reduce the impact of the thermal stress and consequently to provide welfare to the animal and reduces the financial losses. As a solution to identify if an animal is in the sun or in the shade of a tree or if the weather is cloudy, we developed an electronic device, used to capture values of environmental variables, which integrated with a mathematical model predicts the shade state (sun, shade or cloudy) where the animal can be found. We illustrate the performance of the proposed solution in a real data set.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182
Author(s):  
JASPAL SINGH ◽  
PRABHJYOT KAUR

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of meteorological parameters on Sunflower crop by analyzing meteorological and crop data (2003-2017) for three locations (Ludhiana, Ballowal Saunkhari and Amritsar) and to develop weather based “Weekly and Monthly Thumb Rule Models” for predicting the potential yield of sunflower crop in Punjab. These climatic normals were used for comparing the actual data to evaluate the effect of meteorological parameters on the yield of sunflower. In Punjab, ideally humid (maximum relative humidity between 77% - 94%) weather from mid-February to mid-March is favourable for optimum growth and development of vegetative stage in crop. The warm temperature (>35 ºC) during the seed development period after the flowering stage of sunflower is favourable for seed yield. However, heavy rainfall in the months of April and May with cloudy weather (sunshine hour < 9.2 hour) are not favourable for its productivity. The actual meteorological data of high yield crop years over the past 15 years were analyzed for different growth stages of sunflower to work out the critical ranges of meteorological parameters. Weather based “Thumb Rule Models” using the weekly and monthly meteorological data for different growth stages were formulated for use in developing the crop weather insurance term sheets and also predicting the potential yield of sunflower crop.


Author(s):  
ЯР.В. СТАНИСЛАВ ◽  
М.В. ЖУКОВА

Статья содержит результаты визуально-эстетической оценки сквера у Оперного театра. В мире одно- тонных конструкции, похожих фасадов, повторяющихся деталей становится важным критерием сохране- ние физического и психоэмоционального состояния человека. Урбанизированное пространство негативно влияет на здоровье, подрывает нервную систему, дисгармонирует мозговую активность. Перспективным направлением становится визуально-эстетическая оценка окружающей среды. Данная оценка необходима для определения комфортных мест отдыха жителей. В работе взяли за основу методику Федосовой С. И. Локальные пейзажи выбирались с учётом максимальной концентрации людей либо в местах транзита. Существует несколько путей подхода к изучению визуально-эстетической оценки, но они не предлагают единой методики. Каждый направлен на выявление определённых характеристик, не даёт обобщённого анализа разнотипных ландшафтов. К эстетическому ландшафту следует относить территории, обладаю- щие уникальными свойствами, отличающими их от других. Эстетическая оценка воспринимается людьми с долей субъективности, данная закономерность складывается из различных факторов: этнических кано- нов, предпочтения возрастных групп, образовательного уровня. Суть проводимого исследования – оценка агрессивности визуального поля. На фотоснимок с локальным пейзажем накладывалась сетка. На полу- ченной плоскости определялся коэффициент агрессивности, рассчитывалась доля ячеек с двумя и более повторяющимися элементами. Исследование проводилось в ранневесенний период при пасмурной погоде и осадках в виде мокрого снега. Степень агрессивности на объекте исследования варьируется от 0,12 до 0,44. Полученные результаты демонстрируют, что сквер у Оперного театра комфортен для отдыха горожан. The article contains the results of the visual and aesthetic assessment of the square at the opera house. In the world of single-tone structures, similar facades, repeated details, it becomes an important criterion for maintaining the physical and psychoemotional state of a person. Urbanized space negatively affects health, undermines the nervous system, disharmonizes brain activity. A perspective direction is the visual and aesthetic assessment of the environment. This assessment is necessary to determine comfortable places of rest for residents. The method of Fedosova S.I. took the basis in the work. Local landscapes were chosen taking into account the maximum concentration of people, or in transit places. There are several ways to approach the study of visual and aesthetic assessment, but they do not offer a single methodology. Each is aimed at identifying certain characteristics, does not give a generalized analysis of different types of landscapes. The aesthetic landscape should include territories with unique properties that distinguish it from others. Aesthetic assessment is perceived by people with a degree of subjectivity, this pattern consists of various factors: ethnic canons, preferences of age groups, and the level of educational censorship. The essence of the study is the assessment of the aggressiveness of the visual fi eld. A grid was superimposed on a photograph with a local landscape. On the obtained plane, the aggressiveness coeffi cient was determined, the proportion of cells with two or more repeating elements was calculated. The study was conducted in the early spring, with cloudy weather and precipitation in the form of wet snow. The degree of aggressiveness at the study site varies from 0.12 to 0.44. The results obtained demonstrate that the square at the opera house is comfortable for the rest of citizens.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4277
Author(s):  
Morteza Daviran Keshavarzi ◽  
Mohd Hasan Ali

Energy storage devices are collocated with conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to tackle the intermittency of solar irradiance and maintain the power quality of supplied energy. The energy storage system usually has its own conversion devices that may incur an extra capital cost of installation. This paper proposes an integrated and cost-effective photovoltaic-supercapacitor (PVSC) system in which the energy storage functionality of the supercapacitor (SC) is merged into the PV array where the power flow bidirectionally takes place to maintain the system stability under grid disturbances during the daytime, nighttime, and cloudy weather. A nonlinear mathematical model (NMM) was developed to conduct the stability analyses and to design the controller parameters, which facilitates a faster and more accurate numerical analysis compared to existing average models. The effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated by simulation analysis and compared to that of the basic PV and a conventional SC system in which full energy storage is connected in parallel with the PV. The results demonstrate that the proposed PVSC system is effective in improving the dynamic performance of the connected power grid system. In addition, the proposed PVSC system fulfills the functionality of the conventional SC with merged conversion devices; that is, the performance of the proposed PVSC system is comparable to the conventional SC system.


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