Fermentable energy of concentrate foods estimated using four techniques

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
S. Fakhri ◽  
A. R. Moss ◽  
D.I. Givens ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Direct Technique

Fermentable energy (FE) was defined in the latest United Kingdom metabolizable protein system as energy available for microbial protein growth and multiplication in the rumen (Agricultural and Food Research Council, 1992). In this system the FE value was calculated by subtracting the metabolizable energy (ME) of fat and ME of any fermentation products from the ME of the food. This estimation is indirect and largely based on whole tract digestion data, thus it can not take into account the influence of rumen outflow, fermentation and degradation rate and digesta retention time in the rumen. In addition, this approach does not take into account undegradable protein and /or starch. As a result, the precision of the FE values are questionable. Therefore a precise, accurate, rapid, cheap and direct technique to measure FE from food ingredients should be developed. Such a technique should consider the factors mentioned above. This work evaluated the ability of four techniques to estimate the FE value of concentrate foods for ruminants.

Agricultural research in the United Kingdom. Present structures of the Agricultural and Food Research Council

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Food Research ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Agriculture And Food

There have been considerable changes during the last ten years in the ways in which agricultural research is organized in many countries. These changes are of interest to our readers and for this reason the Editors have invited the Agricultural and Food Research Council of the United Kingdom to explain present structures within that organization. The Agricultural and Food Research Council receives funds for research directly from the Department of Education and Science (c. £54 million per year) and through commissions from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (c. £44 million) as well as from commercial and other organizations (c. £13 million). It advises the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, which is the body responsible for the Scottish agricultural research institutes (spending c. £22 million per year), on scientific aspects of the research they finance and also provides support to universities and other educational establishments for the support of scientific studies relevant to agriculture and food.

The nutritive value for ruminants of a complete processed diet based on barley straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYCalorimetric experiments were made with a complete extruded diet for ruminants, ‘Ruminant Diet A’ prepared by Messrs U.K. Compound Feeds Ltd. Twelve determinations of energy and nitrogen retention were made using sheep and it was found that the diet had a metabolizable energy value of 2–32 kcal/g organic matter, and the net availabilities of its metabolizable energy were 42–7 % for fattening and 68–0 % for maintenance. These values agreed well with those predicted from equations published by the Agricultural Research Council. On a dry basis the starch equivalent was 38–3 %.

Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis reduce faecal protein catabolites concentration and odor in dogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais Bastos ◽  
Daniele Cristina de Lima ◽  
Camilla Mariane Menezes Souza ◽  
Alex Maiorka ◽  
Simone Gisele de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Faecal Score ◽  
Nutrients Digestibility

Abstract Background: Direct-fed microbials (DFM), as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, may improve gut functionality of the host by favoring non-pathogenic bacteria and reducing the formation of putrefactive compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the nutrients digestibility, faecal characteristics and products of intestinal fermentation in dogs fed diets with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Sixteen adult beagle dogs randomly distributed were used. Every eight dogs were fed with the control diet or the diet to which 62.5 g DFM (B. subtilis and B. licheniformis)/ton were added. Diets were provided during a twenty days adaptation period, followed by five days of total faecal collection. Nutrients digestibility and metabolizable energy of the diets, and faecal characteristics and products of dogs’ intestinal fermentation were assessed. Results: There were no differences in nutrients digestibility (P >0.05). The DFM supplementation, however, improved the faecal score and resulted in less fetid faeces (P <0.001). The DFM inclusion reduced (P <0.05) the biogenic amines concentration: putrescine, spermidine and cadaverine, and the concentration of phenols and quinoline. Conclusions: The use of B. subtillis and B. licheniformis as DFM reduce the concentration of nitrogen fermentation products in the faeces and faecal odor, but the digestibility of nutrients is not altered in dogs.

The me system : The biological basis

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomson ◽  
M.J. Haines ◽  
S.B. Cammell ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
New System

The Starch Equivalent (SE) system devised by Kellner for expressing the energy requirements of ruminants and the energy value of feeds was used in Britain from 1912. Metabolizable energy (ME) was proposed (Agricultural Research Council, 1965) and adopted (MAFF, DAFS and DANI, Technical Bulletin 33, 197S), as a basis for a new system relating diet to the energy requirements of animals. Additional information was incorporated in the extensive Technical Review (The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock, 1980). Metabolizable energy was retained, and animal performance it was claimed, was predicted more precisely with ME than SE. Results presented in this paper are for the comparison, and interpretation, of observed and predicted (Technical Bulletin 33) rates of gain, and other components of the ME system, for growing lambs and cattle fed forage and mixed forage and concentrate diets.

Energy and protein utilization for maintenance and growth in Omani ram lambs in hot climates. I. Estimates of energy requirements and efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. EARLY ◽  
O. MAHGOUB ◽  
C. D. LU
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Temperate Climates

Energy requirements for maintenance and growth were estimated by comparative slaughter in Omani male lambs during the hot summer months (July–October: maximum temperature, 48 °C). Weaned lambs (n = 10 per diet) were fed one of three totally mixed, 160 g CP/kg DM diets that contained 600, 400 or 200 g rhodesgrass hay/kg for low (9·98 MJ/kg, medium (10·3 MJ/kg) and high (11·4 MJ/kg) energy contents, respectively. All diets were balanced to meet the minimum nutritional needs for maximum growth. The trial lasted for 113–114 days. The purpose of having three diets was to induce a broad spectrum of growth rates that could be used in regression analysis (tested for linear, quadratic and exponential effects). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was regressed on live weight (LW), empty body weight, tissue energy and tissue protein gain and vice versa. Coefficients of determinations were not significantly improved by quadratic or logarithmic regressions over linear relationships. Geometric mean regressions were used to control further biases due to major axis dependence when Y is regressed on X or vice versa. Based on tissue energy gain, the best estimates of ME required for maintenance (MEm) and gain (MEg) were 526 kJ/kg LW0·75/d and 42·1 kJ/kg LW0·75/g LW gain, respectively. Net energy values for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) were 278 kJ/kg LW0·75/d and 20·6 kJ/kg LW0·75/g LW gain, respectively. These equations predicted MEm and NEm requirements that were similar to or slightly greater than those established by the US National Research Council (1985) and the UK Agricultural and Food Research Council (1993) for growing male lambs. The MEg and NEg requirements were substantially greater (by 43–89%) in this respect. Efficiency values were calculated as net energy available for maintenance or gain divided by the metabolizable energy available for maintenance or gain. The efficiency of metabolizable energy used for maintenance and gain was 0·50 and 0·52, respectively, and did not appear to be much different from values for other breeds of sheep in temperate climates. Dietary energy concentrations did not affect the efficiency of energy deposition. The data suggest that Omani sheep in hot climates have greater NEg requirements, and consequently MEg requirements, than other breeds of sheep in temperate climates.

Evaluation of the National Research Council (NRC) nutrient requirements for beef cattle: Predicting feedlot performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-792
Author(s):  
E. K. Okine ◽  
D. H. McCartney ◽  
J. B. Basarab
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeder Cattle

The accuracy of predicted CowBytes® versus actual dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of 407 Hereford × Angus and Charolais × Maine Anjou (445.6 ± 36 kg) feeder cattle using digestable enery acid detergent fiber (DE) estimated from the (ADF) content [Laboratory analysis method (LAB)] and from values determined in vivo (INVIVO method) was examined. The diet consisted of a 73.3% concentrate diet, 22.0% barley silage, 1.6% molasses, and 3.1% feedlot supplement fed ad libitum (as-fed basis). The calculated DE values of the feed were used to predict the metabolizable energy (ME), net energy of maintenance (NEm), and net energy of gain (NEg) of the diet. These energy values were then used in CowBytes® to predict dry matter intake (DMI), ADG, and days on feed (DOF) necessary to meet targeted quality grade of AA and weights of 522 and 568 kg for the heifers and steers, respectively. There was no effect of gender and prediction method interaction (P > 0.10) on any of the variables measured. There were no (P > 0.05) differences in predicted DMI by either the INVIVO or LAB method but both methods underestimated DMI actually consumed by the cattle by 6.8 and 4.9% (P = 0.007), respectively. Indeed, regression values from these predictive methods and actual DMI were (P < 0.05) different from the one-to-one relationship expected by definition. In spite of the higher actual DMI, the actual ADG of the cattle was 14 and 11% (P = 0.0004) lower than was predicted by either the INVIVO or LAB methods. A possible reason for the lower ADG could be an overestimation of DE of the diet. Thus, if available, users of CowBytes® should use actual DMI from their experience in ration formulation. In addition, the effects of environmental temperature on digestibility of diets should be taken into consideration when using the DE of the diet as determined from in vivo digestibility trials or calculated from chemical analyses in determining the DMI of feedlot cattle. Key words: Beef cattle, performance, CowBytes®, National Research Council

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