Smallholder planning for Bali cattle fattening in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study aims to analyse enterprise budgeting and the factors that affect the smallholder Bali cattle fattening income in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The total respondents were 46 farmers include 11 farmers at Bali cattle fattening enterprise six-month period and 35 farmers at fattening enterprise nine-month period. Respondents were selected using a purposive method. The data of the research was collected using interviews with questionnaires. Analysis of economic potential as follows net income and return to labour and management used enterprise budgeting analysis. The factors that affect the income of farmers using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the 6- and 9-month fattening period of the smallholder Bali cattle fattening have net income of IDR 23,122,086 / farmer/period and IDR 11,926,657/farmer/period. In addition, it provides returns to labour and management of IDR 27,428,173/farmer/period and IDR 15,111,982/farmer/period. The number of feeder cattle and non-formal education dummy partially and significantly influence (P<0.01) income smallholders. Smallholder Bali cattle fattening enterprise is a potential business alternative to generate income for rural communities.

Deriving Economic Values for Female Reproductive Traits in Lifetime Carcass Production of Japanese Black Cows Using Deterministic Profit Function

Improving reproductive efficiency is required to strengthen the production base of high-quality Wagyu beef in Japan. We developed a deterministic profit function (P) for lifetime carcass production of Japanese Black cows to calculate economic values (EVs) for representative female reproductive and carcass traits. The total calving number per cow was expressed using the age at first calving (AFC) and calving interval (CI). Revenues and costs were calculated from calf market price (CaP) and carcass unit price (CUP). A cubic regression equation was developed with CaP as the response variable and calf market weight as the explanatory variable. A multiple linear regression equation was developed with CUP as the response variable and five carcass traits as explanatory variables. EVs were calculated using the first-order partial derivatives of P. The first-order partial derivative of CI was a function of CI with the quadratic term of CI in the denominator. Values of EVs for AFC and CI were negative, suggesting that earlier AFC and shorter CI increase the lifetime profit of Japanese Black cows through producing higher numbers of feeder cattle per cow. However, this might bring benefit to only calf-producing farmers. The results would contribute to achieving sustainable high-quality Wagyu beef production.

PSXIII-17 Supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn to beef cows during gestation: post-weaning responses of offspring reared as replacement heifers or feeder cattle

Beef cows and their progeny were used to evaluate the effects of supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn during gestation: on offspring reared as replacement heifers or feeder cattle. Non-lactating, pregnant beef cows (n = 190) were ranked by parity, pregnancy type, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), at 117 ± 2.2 d of gestation (d 0) and assigned to receive a supplement containing: 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 95) or 2) an organic complexed source of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Availa®4; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN; n = 95). From d 0 to calving, cows were maintained in a single pasture and individually offered treatments three times a week. Calves were weaned at 6 mo of age (d 367) and preconditioned for 45-d. Heifer puberty status was verified weekly (d 437 to d 619) based on plasma progesterone concentrations. Steer calves were shipped to a commercial feedlot on d 493, where they were managed as a single group until slaughter (d 724). Plasma cortisol concentration was greater (P = 0.05) in AAC calves at weaning but tended to be less (P = 0.10) on d 370 compared with INR calves. Mean plasma haptoglobin concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in INR vs. AAC calves during preconditioning, and no treatment effects were noted (P = 0.76) for preconditioning average daily gain (ADG). Puberty attainment was hastened in AAC heifers during the experiment (treatment × day; P &lt; 0.01), despite similar (P = 0.39) ADG between treatments from d 412 to 620. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.24) for steer ADG from d 412 until slaughter, nor for carcass quality traits. Therefore, supplementing Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn as organic complexed instead of sulfate sources to beef cows during the last 5 mo of gestation did not improve performance of steer progeny until slaughter, but hastened puberty attainment in female progeny reared as replacement heifers.

103 The Economics and Role of Beef X Dairy Calves in the Beef Supply Chain

Utilizing beef genetics in dairy herds to produce terminal beef x dairy (BXD) crosses is a growing trend in the U.S. dairy industry. It has been estimated that more than two million U.S. BXD calves were born in 2020, which is a practice that is expected to continue to grow throughout the foreseeable future. While not a new concept, the widespread adoption, scale, and strategies currently being used to produce BXD calves have recently received considerable industry attention. Although the increased duration of feeding exposes BXD feeders to increased price and production risks when compared to straightbred beef cattle, these risks are met with several potential benefits. A prime example of such benefits includes a consistent supply of uniform, traceable feeder cattle that are easily age and source verified, that also serve as ideal candidates for enrollment in or development of other value-added marketing programs. Current demand, as indicated by newborn calf prices, suggests that the industry perceives BXD calves to be superior when compared to their straightbred dairy breed contemporaries, and at times, suggests that they may be overvalued. Sustaining such demand will require BXD calves to meet or exceed the performance and profitability expectations of the various production sectors of the beef industry. Results of a multi-year analysis of the economics of BXD calves as compared to cattle of straightbred beef or dairy breed composition will be presented. Furthermore, specific factors expected to influence value throughout the production supply chain will be outlined and discussed. Calfhood management practices that promote calf health, paired with genetic selection strategies focused on complementary traits that minimize cost of gain and increase cutability, such as feed efficiency, carcass yield, and muscularity, will play key roles in sustaining the value of BXD calves to all aspects of the beef supply chain.

101 Awardee Talk: Impacts of Gestational and Early-life Nutrition on Productive Responses of Beef Cattle

Nutritional management during gestation as well as postnatally is critical to optimize efficiency and profitability of beef cattle systems. Two experiments were performed evaluating the effects of trace mineral supplementation during gestation and supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) to nursing beef steers on performance and physiological responses. In experiment one, the impact of inorganic or organic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn supplementation to beef cows during gestation were evaluated on parameters associated with offspring performance and physiological responses. One hundred and ninety non lactating pregnant beef cows were assigned to the experiment at 117 ± 2.2 days of gestation (d 0) and received diets containing either 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR), or 2) organic complexed source of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (AAC). No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.19) for calf body weight at birth or at weaning. Heifers born to INR cows had delayed puberty attainment (treatment ×day interaction; P &lt; 0.01), whereas no treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.24) for carcass traits when male offspring were reared as feeder cattle. In experiment two, the impacts of supplementing CSSO at 2 months of age via creep-feeding and/or postweaning via preconditioning were evaluated on parameters associated carcass quality and development. Steers receiving CSSO at 2 mo of age had greater (P ≤ 0.01) mRNA expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in the longissimus muscle later in life, although no treatment differences were detected for performance or carcass traits (P ≥ 0.18). Outcomes of these experiments may be used to develop nutritional strategies to enhance productive efficiency in beef cattle systems. Research is still warranted to examine the effects of such supplementation during these periods of developmental plasticity on cattle productivity.

Measures of The Direct Impact of Hematophagous Flies On Feeder Cattle: An Unexpectedly High Potential Economic Impact

Beside blood pathogens transmission, insects of the order Diptera affect livestock by visual and contact harassment; blood-feeders are responsible of painful bites and blood despoliation, generating behavioural modifications, anaemia and production losses. Knowledge of their economic impact is a basis for cost-effective control. Here, we measured the global impact of Diptera by comparing two batches of six feeder cattle, one in open air, the other protected by a mosquito net. Analytical data were: insect density in open air, and, for feeder cattle: tail-flick counts, hematocrit values (Ht), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and live body weight gains (LBWG). Over a period of five months, results showed significant losses of LBWG of cattle exposed to insects, estimated at 8.0±1.5 Kg/month [2.7;13.3], with a total loss reaching 40.0±5.5 Kg/head. Main diurnal insects were Stomoxys spp. and M. crassirostris. There was a strong correlation between fly density and diurnal tail-flicks. Night trapping and tail-flicks showed a potentially important role of mosquitoes to be further explored. Ht of exposed animals was 3-4% lower than controls. FCRs indicated that exposed animals needed 33% more dry matter intake/Kg of LBWG. Economic assessment showed that dipterans were responsible of 10-11% loss of LBWG during the main growing period of feeder-cattle (10-15 months). A feedlot of 100 calves would register a total loss of 16,000$ within 5 months, which appears to be an unexpectedly huge loss caused by dipterans. Investing part of this money in fly control would probably be beneficial.

Importance of Beef Cattle Farming Model and Appropriate Benefits for Small-Scale Farmers in Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and reasonable production costs for small cattle farmers in Nakhon Sawan Province of Thailand. Small-scale beef cattle are naturally reared by farmers without planning. Studying the primary data of beef cattle farming models and comparing the economic return costs of each form of beef cattle farming among smallholder farmers in Nakhon Sawan Province of Thailand shows that the yields are not worthwhile. By applying the specific method to 25% of the area of all farms in Nakhon Sawan Province and comparing the descriptive statistical yields, the results showed that two types of cattle with 4 characteristics predominate. The first is rearing pregnant mother cows for sale and buying mother cows. The second category is feeder cattle, release cattle and fattening cattle. A study of the costs and economic compensation of suitable small-scale beef cattle farmers in Nakhon Sawan Province of Thailand found that cattle farms should raise cattle because the yield from farming is valued and because of the economic returns and the time spent. The payback for this form is faster than other forms of investment.

110 The Importance of Recognizing Economic Factors Influencing the Beef Industry

The speed of development and adaptation of genomics in our industry as a tool for genetic improvement has been unprecedented. While its greatest contribution has been the enhancement of the predictive accuracy of performance traits, even greater opportunities may exist for the application of genomics in the arena of animal health. Interactions between immune system function and the microbiome is mission critical for an industry that may face increased pressure to find new animal health protocols for animal care. Better understanding of the incorporation of dry matter intake and residual average daily gain EPD’s into decision making will provide greater incentives to improve efficiency. Understanding the economic impact of incremental change in a EPD will aid decision making. A predictive blueprint of genomic characteristics of feeder cattle will allow producers and feed yards to merchandise feeder and fed cattle to specific markets. Greater connection of the beef industry across multiple segments will result in better understanding of the whole beef system. Increasing value within one segment can ultimately result in greater value across multiple segments and true price discovery. Understanding the important relationship of cattle to the environment and society will become increasingly important to maintain sustainable beef production. The natural and unique ability the beef cow possesses to utilize grass resources on lands not fit for cultivation and upcycle those resources to a nutrient dense food for human nutrition is unequaled in nature. This process is sustainable, totally regenerative and beneficial to the environment and society. Beef production is a valuable asset to both public and private grasslands and sustainability of our natural resources. Maintaining grazing on federal lands is good resource management for a viable beef industry. Opportunities exist for greater collaborations between producers, academia, breed associations and national organizations to solve problems and provide better educational opportunities.

Supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn to beef cows during gestation: post-weaning responses of offspring reared as replacement heifers or feeder cattle

One hundred and ninety non-lactating, pregnant beef cows (¾ Bos taurus and ¼ Bos indicus; 138 multiparous and 52 primiparous) were assigned to this experiment at 117 ± 2.2 d of gestation (d 0). Cows were ranked by parity, pregnancy type (artificial insemination = 102, natural service = 88), body weight (BW) and body condition score, and assigned to receive a supplement containing: 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 95) or 2) an organic complexed source of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Availa®4; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN; n = 95). The INR and AAC provided the same daily amount of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn, based on 7 g of the AAC source. From d 0 to calving, cows were maintained in a single pasture and segregated three times weekly into 1 of 24 individual feeding pens to receive treatments. Calves were weaned on d 367 (200 ± 2 d of age), managed as a single group for a 45-d preconditioning period (d 367 to 412), and transferred to a single oat (Avena sativa L.) pasture on d 412. Heifer calves were moved to an adjacent oat pasture on d 437, where they remained until d 620. Heifer puberty status was verified weekly (d 437 to d 619) based on plasma progesterone concentrations. Steer calves were shipped to a commercial feedlot on d 493, where they were managed as a single group until slaughter (d 724). Plasma cortisol concentration was greater (P = 0.05) in AAC calves at weaning but tended to be less (P = 0.10) on d 370 compared with INR calves. Mean plasma haptoglobin concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in INR vs. AAC calves during preconditioning, and no treatment effects were noted (P = 0.76) for preconditioning average daily gain (ADG). Puberty attainment was hastened in AAC heifers during the experiment (treatment × day; P &lt; 0.01), despite similar (P = 0.39) ADG between treatments from d 412 to 620. Expression of myogenin mRNA in the longissimus muscle was greater (P = 0.05) in INR vs. AAC heifers on d 584. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.24) for steer ADG from d 412 until slaughter, nor for carcass quality traits. Hepatic mRNA expression of metallothionein 1A was greater (P = 0.02) in INR vs. AAC steers on d 586. In summary, supplementing Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn as organic complexed instead of sulfate sources to beef cows during the last 5 mo of gestation did not improve performance and physiological responses of the steer progeny until slaughter, but hastened puberty attainment in the female progeny reared as replacement heifers.

Effects of Zinc and Menthol-Based Diets on Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance among E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Beef Cattle

Antibiotic resistance represents a growing crisis in both human and veterinary medicine. We evaluated the use of antibiotic alternatives—heavy metals and essential oils—in beef cattle feeding, and their effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this randomized controlled field trial, we measured the impact of supplemental zinc and menthol on antibiotic resistance among commensal enteric bacteria of feeder cattle. Fecal suspensions were plated onto plain- and antibiotic-supplemented MacConkey and m-Enterococcus agar for quantification of total and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Temporal effects on overall E. coli growth were significant (p < 0.05), and menthol was associated with decreased growth on tetracycline-supplemented agar. Zinc was associated with significant increases in growth on erythromycin-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. Cattle fed zinc exhibited significantly higher levels of macrolide resistance among fecal enterococci isolates.