PP469 From Theory To Practice: Which Value Framework Is Applied For Onco-Hematology Therapies In Italy? A 5-year Retrospective Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Americo Cicchetti ◽  
Rossella Di Bidino ◽  
Entela Xoxi ◽  
Irene Luccarini ◽  
Alessia Brigido
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The Real ◽  
R Process ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionDifferent value frameworks (VFs) have been proposed in order to translate available evidence on risk-benefit profiles of new treatments into Pricing & Reimbursement (P&R) decisions. However limited evidence is available on the impact of their implementation. It's relevant to distinguish among VFs proposed by scientific societies and providers, which usually are applicable to all treatments, and VFs elaborated by regulatory agencies and health technology assessment (HTA), which focused on specific therapeutic areas. Such heterogeneity in VFs has significant implications in terms of value dimension considered and criteria adopted to define or support a price decision.MethodsA literature research was conducted to identify already proposed or adopted VF for onco-hematology treatments. Both scientific and grey literature were investigated. Then, an ad hoc data collection was conducted for multiple myeloma; breast, prostate and urothelial cancer; and Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) therapies. Pharmaceutical products authorized by European Medicines Agency from January 2014 till December 2019 were identified. Primary sources of data were European Public Assessment Reports and P&R decision taken by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) till September 2019.ResultsThe analysis allowed to define a taxonomy to distinguish categories of VF relevant to onco-hematological treatments. We identified the “real-world” VF that emerged given past P&R decisions taken at the Italian level. Data was collected both for clinical and economical outcomes/indicators, as well as decisions taken on innovativeness of therapies. Relevant differences emerge between the real world value framework and the one that should be applied given the normative framework of the Italian Health System.ConclusionsThe value framework that emerged from the analysis addressed issues of specific aspects of onco-hematological treatments which emerged during an ad hoc analysis conducted on treatment authorized in the last 5 years. The perspective adopted to elaborate the VF was the one of an HTA agency responsible for P&R decisions at a national level. Furthermore, comparing a real-world value framework with the one based on the general criteria defined by the national legislation, our analysis allowed identification of the most critical point of the current national P&R process in terms ofsustainability of current and future therapies as advance therapies and agnostic-tumor therapies.

scholarly journals A systematic evaluation of assumptions in centrality measures by empirical flow data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Bockholt ◽  
Katharina A. Zweig
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
The Real ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Network Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhen considering complex systems, identifying themost importantactors is often of relevance. When the system is modeled as a network, centrality measures are used which assign each node a value due to its position in the network. It is often disregarded that they implicitly assume a network process flowing through a network, and also make assumptions ofhowthe network process flows through the network. A node is then central with respect to this network process (Borgatti in Soc Netw 27(1):55–71, 2005,10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008). It has been shown that real-world processes often do not fulfill these assumptions (Bockholt and Zweig, in Complex networks and their applications VIII, Springer, Cham, 2019,10.1007/978-3-030-36683-4_7). In this work, we systematically investigate the impact of the measures’ assumptions by using four datasets of real-world processes. In order to do so, we introduce several variants of the betweenness and closeness centrality which, for each assumption, use either the assumed process model or the behavior of the real-world process. The results are twofold: on the one hand, for all measure variants and almost all datasets, we find that, in general, the standard centrality measures are quite robust against deviations in their process model. On the other hand, we observe a large variation of ranking positions of single nodes, even among the nodes ranked high by the standard measures. This has implications for the interpretability of results of those centrality measures. Since a mismatch of the behaviour of the real network process and the assumed process model does even affect the highly-ranked nodes, resulting rankings need to be interpreted with care.

scholarly journals The Promise of Creativity

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine E. Sprague ◽  
Jim Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Real ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Imaginative Play ◽  
A Priority ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the authors discuss creativity and the impact it might have on teaching and learning. The authors believe that imaginative play, at all ages, helps all people (children especially) create healthy environments and spaces that expand their learning. The authors contend that teaching for imagination—which asks little more than creating and trusting an ecological space that engenders it—seldom is considered a priority. Given the emphasis on creativity in the real world and the virtual digital world, the authors believe it is important to add to the body of knowledge through continued research in this field.

scholarly journals Flawed Model Misrepresents the Impact of Anesthesiologists to Patient Safety in the Real World

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-438
Author(s):  
Jerry A. Cohen ◽  
Norman A. Cohen ◽  
James D. Grant ◽  
Daniel J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Impact

Commonality in the Origin and the Manifestation in the Real World of Electronegativity and Hardness

2012 ◽  
pp. 76-102
Author(s):  
Nazmul Islam ◽  
Dulal C. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Chemical Hardness ◽  
The Real ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Electronegativity Equalization ◽  
The One

The electronegativity and the hardness are two different fundamental descriptors of atoms and molecules, and this chapter describes how the authors have logistically discovered the commonality between the heuristic and basic philosophical structures of their origin and also the manifestation in the real world. Also, the chapter demonstrates that the physical hardness and the chemical hardness with evolution of time have converged to one and the same general principle– the hardness. The authors also try to expose the physical basis and operational significance of another very important descriptor–the electronegativity. The chapter also explores whether the hardness equalization principle can be conceived analogous to the well established electronegativity equalization principle. The authors hypothesize that the electronegativity and the absolute hardness are two different appearances of the one and the same fundamental property of atoms, and the Hardness Equalization Principle can be equally conceived like the electronegativity equalization principle. To test this hypothesis, the authors have made several comparative studies by evaluating some well known chemico-physical descriptors of the real world, such as hetero nuclear bond distances, dipole charges, and dipole moments of molecules. The detailed comparative study suggests that the paradigm of the hardness equalization principle may be another law of nature like the established electronegativity equalization principle.

scholarly journals Research and Development of Palmprint Authentication System Based on Android Smartphones

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Xinman Zhang ◽  
Kunlei Jing ◽  
Guokun Song
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Real World ◽  
Gabor Filter ◽  
Identity Authentication ◽  
Discriminative Feature ◽  
Authentication System ◽  
The One ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Improved Algorithm

The security problems of online transactions by smartphones reveal extreme demand for reliable identity authentication systems. With a lower risk of forgery, richer texture, and more comfortable acquisition mode, compared with face, fingerprint, and iris, palmprint is rarely adopted for identity authentication. In this paper, we develop an effective and full-function palmprint authentication system regarding the application on an Android smartphone, which bridges the algorithmic study and application of palmprint authentication. In more detail, an overall system framework is designed with complete functions, including palmprint acquisition, key points location, ROI segmentation, feature extraction, and feature coding. Basically, we develop a palmprint authentication system having user-friendly interfaces and good compatibility with the Android smartphone. Particularly, on the one hand, to guarantee the effectiveness and efficiency of the system, we exploit the practical Log-Gabor filter for feature extraction and discuss the impact of filtering direction, downsampling ratio, and discriminative feature coding to propose an improved algorithm. On the other hand, after exploring the hardware components of the smartphone and the technical development of the Android system, we provide an open technology to extend the biometric methods to real-world applications. On the public PolyU databases, simulation results suggest that the improved algorithm outperforms the original one with a promising accuracy of 100% and a good speed of 0.041 seconds. In real-world authentication, the developed system achieves an accuracy of 98.40% and a speed of 0.051 seconds. All the results verify the accuracy and timeliness of the developed system.

PP086 Horizon Scanning In Multiple Sclerosis Decisions In Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 111-111
Author(s):  
Andrea Brígida de Souza ◽  
Avila Vidal ◽  
Pollyanna Gomes ◽  
Vania Canuto ◽  
Clarice Petramale
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Horizon Scanning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

INTRODUCTION:In Brazil, the pharmaceutical sector has requested an individual incorporation in the Brazilian public health system (SUS) for each new drug for multiple sclerosis that receives sanitary authorization for marketing. Horizon Scanning within Brazilian Ministry of Health has played a key role in the recommendations made by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC). Horizon Scanning seeks to predict which technologies have potential to impact health care in SUS, before their formal request. This study aims to present the impact of horizon scanning in two assessments made by CONITEC on drugs to treat Multiple Sclerosis.METHODS:Grey literature was searched to find new and emerging drugs for multiple sclerosis treatment. Regulatory agencies were also searched: European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Brazilian Regulation and Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). A pre-defined standardized form was used. Information extracted about each drug was identified as: drugs name, mechanism of action, indication, administration route, finished phases of clinical trial and registration in other countries.RESULTS:In 2014, horizon scanning identified seven drugs while CONITEC was assessing Fingolimod for multiple sclerosis. In this case, the drug's administration route was a differential, as only three new drugs identified were also orally administrated. Thus, Fingolimod received a positive recommendation for incorporation. In 2016, horizon scanning identified fourteen drugs while Teriflunomide was under assessment. At this moment, the orally administrated Fingolimod was already available and it was identified other eight new drugs with the same route. Therefore, the initial recommendation was against its incorporation.CONCLUSIONS:Horizon scanning has proved to be of major importance for assisting recommendation-making process of the committee. In the two cases presented, horizon scanning information could predict which technologies were being developed and could be registered in Brazil. These new technologies had influenced the recommendations made by CONITEC's members. As a result, a horizon scanning section in all CONITEC's reports became mandatory.

scholarly journals The Role of Written Feedback in Numeracy in the Primary School Classroom

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miedzo Mutendi ◽  
Chipo Makamure
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Real World ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Written Feedback ◽  
Classroom Performance ◽  
The Real ◽  
School Classroom ◽  
The Impact

This study seeks to establish the quality and type of feedback necessary and suitable for learners, understandable by learners and implementable in the learning process by the learners to improve progress in learning numeracy. However, although written feedback is believed to be instrumental in shaping the pupils’ classroom performance, there is less agreement on whether this is workable in the real world of the classroom or has remained an intended goal of feedback. There is limited work in literature on how pupils respond or use written feedback to improve their performance. A questionnaire was administered to a group of Year 5 students at a school in England to solicit the pupils’ perceptions of the usefulness of written feedback and the challenges that were likely to be faced in interpreting and implementing the feedback. In order to measure the impact of feedback on students’ performance, a pre-test was given, pupils’ recommendations from the questionnaire were incorporated, and a second test was given two days later. The two sets of marks were then compared. It was found that pupils find it difficult to understand written feedback at times, mainly because of unfamiliar vocabulary used in the feedback and when they do understand the language, they often find it unhelpful in achieving their learning goals. Teachers are recommended to simplify and add more detail to feedback, making it as informative as possible about what was done well and suggest improvements that could be made.

The Impact of Qualitative Research on the “Real World”

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leeat Granek ◽  
Ora Nakash
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals TO CONTROL OR NOT TO CONTROL: HOW DO WE LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW AGRONOMIC INNOVATIONS PERFORM ON FARMS?

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
RIC COE ◽  
JOYCE NJOLOMA ◽  
FERGUS SINCLAIR
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Real World ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
System Response ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
The Real ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYOur paper ‘Loading the dice in favour of the farmer: reducing the risk of adopting agronomic innovations’ revealed mean increases but also large variation in the impact of four agroforestry practises on maize yield, as experienced by farmers in Malawi. This prompted a response from Sileshi and Akinnifesi that was critical of the data and methods used. Their main concern was that farmers did not necessarily manage crops identically in plots with and those without trees, so the yield differences that we measured may be partly caused by these differences in crop management. We argue here that it is valid and useful to look at the actual effect on crop yield of farmers having trees intercropped with maize, rather than controlling for how the crop is managed, because this is what happens in the real world. Farmers respond to having trees in their field by treating their crop differently, so this is part of the system response to having trees in fields. Attempts to eliminate this will result in measuring an artefact rather than the real impact of trees on crop yield. By doing this, we revealed important variation in the impact of trees on crop yield amongst farmers, and we argue that it is important to explore, assess and communicate to farmers and development actors the extent and implications of this variation. Understanding the contextual factors that determine who is likely to benefit most from an innovation and for whom it is less suitable can then be incorporated in scaling up, so that targeting of innovations and the appropriateness of messages given to farmers are continuously refined.

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