Commonality in the Origin and the Manifestation in the Real World of Electronegativity and Hardness

2012 ◽  
pp. 76-102
Author(s):  
Nazmul Islam ◽  
Dulal C. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Chemical Hardness ◽  
The Real ◽  
Atoms And Molecules ◽  
Electronegativity Equalization ◽  
The One

The electronegativity and the hardness are two different fundamental descriptors of atoms and molecules, and this chapter describes how the authors have logistically discovered the commonality between the heuristic and basic philosophical structures of their origin and also the manifestation in the real world. Also, the chapter demonstrates that the physical hardness and the chemical hardness with evolution of time have converged to one and the same general principle– the hardness. The authors also try to expose the physical basis and operational significance of another very important descriptor–the electronegativity. The chapter also explores whether the hardness equalization principle can be conceived analogous to the well established electronegativity equalization principle. The authors hypothesize that the electronegativity and the absolute hardness are two different appearances of the one and the same fundamental property of atoms, and the Hardness Equalization Principle can be equally conceived like the electronegativity equalization principle. To test this hypothesis, the authors have made several comparative studies by evaluating some well known chemico-physical descriptors of the real world, such as hetero nuclear bond distances, dipole charges, and dipole moments of molecules. The detailed comparative study suggests that the paradigm of the hardness equalization principle may be another law of nature like the established electronegativity equalization principle.

PP469 From Theory To Practice: Which Value Framework Is Applied For Onco-Hematology Therapies In Italy? A 5-year Retrospective Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Americo Cicchetti ◽  
Rossella Di Bidino ◽  
Entela Xoxi ◽  
Irene Luccarini ◽  
Alessia Brigido
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The Real ◽  
R Process ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionDifferent value frameworks (VFs) have been proposed in order to translate available evidence on risk-benefit profiles of new treatments into Pricing & Reimbursement (P&R) decisions. However limited evidence is available on the impact of their implementation. It's relevant to distinguish among VFs proposed by scientific societies and providers, which usually are applicable to all treatments, and VFs elaborated by regulatory agencies and health technology assessment (HTA), which focused on specific therapeutic areas. Such heterogeneity in VFs has significant implications in terms of value dimension considered and criteria adopted to define or support a price decision.MethodsA literature research was conducted to identify already proposed or adopted VF for onco-hematology treatments. Both scientific and grey literature were investigated. Then, an ad hoc data collection was conducted for multiple myeloma; breast, prostate and urothelial cancer; and Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) therapies. Pharmaceutical products authorized by European Medicines Agency from January 2014 till December 2019 were identified. Primary sources of data were European Public Assessment Reports and P&R decision taken by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) till September 2019.ResultsThe analysis allowed to define a taxonomy to distinguish categories of VF relevant to onco-hematological treatments. We identified the “real-world” VF that emerged given past P&R decisions taken at the Italian level. Data was collected both for clinical and economical outcomes/indicators, as well as decisions taken on innovativeness of therapies. Relevant differences emerge between the real world value framework and the one that should be applied given the normative framework of the Italian Health System.ConclusionsThe value framework that emerged from the analysis addressed issues of specific aspects of onco-hematological treatments which emerged during an ad hoc analysis conducted on treatment authorized in the last 5 years. The perspective adopted to elaborate the VF was the one of an HTA agency responsible for P&R decisions at a national level. Furthermore, comparing a real-world value framework with the one based on the general criteria defined by the national legislation, our analysis allowed identification of the most critical point of the current national P&R process in terms ofsustainability of current and future therapies as advance therapies and agnostic-tumor therapies.

scholarly journals The linguistic sign: Metonymy and virtuality

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Glaz
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
The One

Grounded in a rich philosophical and semiotic tradition, the most influential models of the linguistic sign have been Saussure’s intimate connection between the signifier and the signi-fied and Ogden and Richards’ semiotic triangle. Within the triangle, claim the cognitive lin-guists Radden and Kövecses, the sign functions in a metonymic fashion. The triangular semi-otic model is expanded here to a trapezium and calibrated with, on the one hand, Peirce’s conception of virtuality, and on the other hand, with some of the tenets of Langacker’s Cogni-tive Grammar. In conclusion, the question “How does the linguistic sign mean?” is answered thus: it means by virtue of the linguistic form activating (virtually) the entire trapezium-like configuration of forms, concepts, experienced projections, and relationships between all of the above. Activation of the real world remains dubious or indirect. The process is both meto-nymic and virtual, in the sense specified.

scholarly journals Linking academia and the ‘real world’ in International Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cottey ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Real World ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
The Real ◽  
Work Placement ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

This talk will reflect on the challenges of linking academic programmes and teaching, on the one hand, with the policy-makers and practitioners, on the other, with particular reference to the discipline of international relations (which focuses on relations between states, international organisations and global political and socio-economic dynamics). The talk will draw on experience from University College Cork’s Department of Government and Politics, which has an extensive, market-leading work placement programme, and from UCC’s MSc International Public Policy and Diplomacy, which is a new model of international relations masters seeking to bridge academia and the world of policy. Our experience shows that it is possible to link academia and the world of policy and practitioners, but that it is not easy, even in an apparently very policy-oriented discipline, and that it involves significant challenges. The talk will highlight a number of challenges involved in linking the academic study of international relations with the ‘real world’ of international politics: bridging academia and policy/practitioners is not easy in the disciplines of political science and international relations – the two have different needs and, often, different languages; the development and maintenance of work placements and other elements of engagement with policymakers and practitioners involves very significant workload and needs to be properly supported in terms of staffing and infrastructure; and in politics and international relations, the skill sets which policy-makers and practitioners need often differ from those that universities normally provide. Finding the ‘right’ balance between academic disciplinary requirements/standards and the needs of employers is a difficult task.

The development of capability: the content of potential and the potential of content

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reva Brown ◽  
Sean McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
As If

All too often discussion of Capability proceeds as if it is clear what ‘Capability’ is: and that all that is required is the ascertaining of means for developing it. This paper seeks to explore the meanings of Capability. It provides two broad meanings, and discusses the paradoxes inherent in the application of these to the real world of management and business. On the one hand, Capability is defined as Potential, what the individual could achieve. Potential is an endowment, which is realised by the acquisition of skills and knowledge, i.e. the acquisition of Content. On the other hand, Capability is defined as Content: what the individual can (or has learned to) do. This Content has been acquired by, or input into, the individual, who then has the Potential to develop further. So there are different routes to Capability, depending on the definition of Capability one chooses. All of this impinges on the development of Capability. This leads us on to a consideration of whether the ‘Development of Capability’ is a meaningful concept.

Economic History, Pure and Applied

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rondo Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

C P. Kindleberger once described economic history as “great fun” but not very useful for understanding what happens in the real world. W. N. Parker, on the other hand, doesn't regard it as at all amusing, but terribly important. Within that range, surely, each of us can locate his own ratio of practicality to enjoyment inherent in the pursuit of economic history. I myself was drawn to the study of economic history, even before I was aware of its existence—in fact, it was my youthful intention to invent the discipline—by two distinct motives. On the one hand, I wanted to enter (or create) a profession in which the work itself would yield intellectual pleasure. At the same time, having just lived through the longest depression in modern times and the most destructive war in history, I wanted to do something that would be useful to society. History, I knew, was interesting. Economics, I assumed, was important. I therefore resolved to give up the study of engineering, which had occupied me briefly before the war, and to create the new discipline of economic history. I was mildly surprised to discover upon enrolling in the Yale Studies for Returning Servicemen that the discipline did, indeed, already exist, and was, furthermore, ably represented at Yale by none other than Harold F. Williamson.

scholarly journals VIRTUAL IDENTIFICATION OF MODERN PEOPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Yan Chaplak ◽  
◽  
Halyna Chuyko ◽  
Ihor Zvarych ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Real World ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Real ◽  
Identity Creation ◽  
Virtual Identity ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The article analyses theoretically the problem of human identification in the Internet and studies the phenomenon of an individual’s virtual identity. We have analysed the concept and features of self-presentation as the primary element of an individual’s identification in the virtual space in order to create a desired impression on the individual with an opportunity to be perceived there as he/she want to be perceived in the real world; which, to a certain extent, contradicts to the concept of “identity”. An individual’s presentation via the Internet is often only a manipulation with an impression on him/her and an imitation of sincere communication and frank disclosure of his/her own real identity, since a virtual identity rarely reflects the individual’s true self-image; whereas the question of identity concerns an individual’s real identity in the real world. An individual’s virtual identification is chanced in time from multiple existing identities to Internet users’ tendency to open more real information about them in the Internet space; the ways of virtual identity creation are examined. The phenomenon of an individual’s multiple identification in the Internet is investigated, which is connected both with the period of an anonymous existence of the Network and the desire to study oneself and one’s capabilities regarding the optimal self-representation in virtual space, on the one hand, and with insufficiently adequate self-understanding, one’s real identity as a modern virtualized person, on the other hand. People are inclined to play and experiment with their self-images and self-identification, by constantly changing it and improving it, in particular, by adding desired (idealized) features; and this virtual identity is imitated during communications with other Internet users. That is, playing and communication in virtual space are factors of virtual identity formation, which evidences transformations of identity of a modern individual as a representative of the information society. The conclusion is that people in the Web, partly due to its anonymity, are inclined to manipulate with impressions on them, focusing on their positive perception by other Internet users. As a result, not so much an individual’s virtual identification is created, but a set of mask images, simulacra (which in fact only hide a user, giving out desirable for valid), behind which there is no real identity.

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Field of Virtual and Augmented Reality

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
E. E. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Real World ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Near Future

In the paper, the author notes that the development of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, unmanned transport, robotics, portable and embedded digital devices, already has a great impact on the daily life of a person and can fundamentally change the existing social order in the near future.Virtual reality as a technology was born in the cross-section of research in the field of three-dimensional computer graphics and human-machine interaction. The spectrum of mixed reality includes the real world itself, the one that is before our eyes, the world of augmented reality — an improved reality that results from the introduction of sensory data into the field of perception in order to supplement information about the surrounding world and improve the perception of information; the world of virtual reality, which is created using technologies that provide full immersion in the environment. In some studies, augmented virtuality is also included in the spectrum, which implies the addition of virtual reality with elements of the real world (combining the virtual and real world).The paper substantiates the conclusion that in the near future both the legislator and judicial practice will have to find a balance between the interests of the creators of virtual worlds and virtual artists exclusive control over their virtual works, on the one hand, and society in using these virtual works and their development, on the other hand. It is necessary to allow users to participate, interact and create new forms of creative expression in the virtual environment.The author concludes that a broader interpretation of the fair use doctrine should be applied in this area, especially for those virtual worlds and virtual objects that imitate the real world and reality. However, it is necessary to distinguish between cases where the protection of such objects justifies licensing and those where it is advisable to encourage unrestricted use of the results for the further development of new technologies. 

scholarly journals Zhuangzi’s Theory on “Fate” and the Humanistic Spirit within

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Rongkun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Humanistic Spirit ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

Conventional accounts of Zhuangzi’s concept of fate are limited to only a certain aspect of it. At the same time, they seem to be mutually contradictory. This essay investigates this concept afresh based on textual analysis and elucidates Zhuangzi’s real concerns about fate. This analysis reveals that Zhuangzi laid stress on the virtue demonstrated in confronting the unavoidable. More specifically, the important meaning of fate encompasses, on the one hand, a whole acceptance of the facts facing us by forgetting oneself, and on the other hand, responding positively to the facts by following the “Heavenly Way” until a spontaneous state is reached. We shall see as well how Zhuangzi’s views on the relation between Heaven and the Human, and on certain moral values, help to validate his theory on fate. Thus, through exploring his underlying thoughts and showing how their various aspects are logically connected, we shall show that Zhuangzi’s concept of fate is imbued with a humanistic spirit in the face of affairs in the real world.

scholarly journals A systematic evaluation of assumptions in centrality measures by empirical flow data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Bockholt ◽  
Katharina A. Zweig
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
The Real ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Network Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhen considering complex systems, identifying themost importantactors is often of relevance. When the system is modeled as a network, centrality measures are used which assign each node a value due to its position in the network. It is often disregarded that they implicitly assume a network process flowing through a network, and also make assumptions ofhowthe network process flows through the network. A node is then central with respect to this network process (Borgatti in Soc Netw 27(1):55–71, 2005,10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008). It has been shown that real-world processes often do not fulfill these assumptions (Bockholt and Zweig, in Complex networks and their applications VIII, Springer, Cham, 2019,10.1007/978-3-030-36683-4_7). In this work, we systematically investigate the impact of the measures’ assumptions by using four datasets of real-world processes. In order to do so, we introduce several variants of the betweenness and closeness centrality which, for each assumption, use either the assumed process model or the behavior of the real-world process. The results are twofold: on the one hand, for all measure variants and almost all datasets, we find that, in general, the standard centrality measures are quite robust against deviations in their process model. On the other hand, we observe a large variation of ranking positions of single nodes, even among the nodes ranked high by the standard measures. This has implications for the interpretability of results of those centrality measures. Since a mismatch of the behaviour of the real network process and the assumed process model does even affect the highly-ranked nodes, resulting rankings need to be interpreted with care.

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